翻译：测试成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（10）

Specific Practices by Goals
通过目标的具体实践
SG 1 Establish a Test Policy
SG 1 建立测试政策
A test policy, aligned with the business (quality) policy, is established and agreed by the stakeholders.
测试政策，与企业（质量）政策一致，由利益相关者制定并一致同意。
SP 1.1 Define test goals
SP 1.1 定义测试目标
Define and maintain test goals based upon business needs and objectives.
在企业需要和其目标基础上定义和维护测试目标
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Test goals
1. 测试目标
Sub-practices
子实践
2. Study business needs and objectives
2. 研究企业需要及其目标
Examples of business needs and objectives to be studied include the following:
• Mission statement
• Business and user needs regarding the products
• Business drivers
• Main goals of a quality program
• Business (quality) policy
• Type of business, e.g. risk level of products being developed
研究企业需要及其目标的例子包括如下：
 任务说明
 关于产品的企业和用户需要
 商业驱动
 质量程序的主目标
 企业（质量）政策
 商业类型，如正在开发的产品的风险级别
3. Provide feedback for clarifying business needs and objectives as necessary
3. 为企业需要及其目标提供必要的反馈
4. Define test goals traceable to business needs and objectives
4. 为企业需要及其目标定义测试目标追溯
Examples of test goals include the following:
• Validate products for ‘fit-for-use’
• Prevent defects for occurring in operation
• Verify compliance to external standards
• Provide visibility regarding product quality
• Short test execution lead-time
测试目标的例子包括如下：
 验证产品是适合使用的
 预防运作中的缺陷发生
 验证符合外部标准
 提供有关产品质量的能见度
 短期测试执行的准备时间
5. Review the test goals with stakeholders
5. 相关人员评审测试目标
6. Revisit and revise the test goals as appropriate, e.g. on a yearly basis
6. 在适当的时候重访并修订测试目标，例如基于年度
SP 1.2 Define the test policy
SP 1.2 定义测试政策
A test policy, aligned with the business (quality) policy, is defined and agreed by the stakeholders.
测试政策，与企业（质量）政策一致，由利益相关者制定并一致同意。
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Test policy
1. 测试政策
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Define the test policy based on the defined test goals
1. 在已定义的测试目标的基础上定义测试政策
Examples of statements to be part of a test policy typically include the following:
• A definition of testing
• A definition of debugging (fault localization and repair)
• Basic view points regarding testing and the testing profession
• The objectives and added value of testing
• Quality levels to be achieved
• The level of independence of the test organization
• High level test process definition
• The key responsibilities of testing
• The organizational approach to and objectives of test process improvement
部分测试政策的例子典型的包括如下：
 测试的定义
 调试的定义（故障定位和修复）
 有关测试和测试职业的基本观点
 目标，增加了的测试价值
 要实现的质量级别
 测试机构的独立程度
 高级水平测试 过程的定义
 测试的主要职责
 组织的方法和测试过程改进目标
2. Clearly separate testing from debugging within the test policy
2. 测试政策清楚的把测试从调试中分开
3. Review the test policy with stakeholders
3. 相关人员评审测试政策
4. Define and establish ownership for test policy
4. 定义和建立测试政策的所有权
5. Revisit and revise the test policy as appropriate, e.g. on a yearly basis
5. 在适当的时候重访并修订测试政策，例如基于年度
SP 1.3 Distribute the test policy to stakeholders
SP 1.3 分配测试政策到相关人员
The test policy and test goals are presented and explained to stakeholders inside and outside testing.
测试政策和测试目标被介绍和解释给测试组内组外的相关人员。
Typical work products
1. Deployment plan
2. Presentation test policy
典型工作产品
1.部署计划
2.演示测试政策
Examples of distribution mechanisms include the following:
• Documenting it in a handbook (quality system)
• Presentations in project and/or departmental meetings
• Posters on the wall
• Making it part of the departmental introduction program
• Access on a central web portal
分配机制的例子包括如下：
 记录在手册里（质量体系）
 在项目或者部门会议上演示
 贴海报
 成为部门介绍程序的一部分
 能在网站的显著位置访问到
SG 2 Establish a Test Strategy
SG 2 建立测试策略
An organization-wide or program-wide test strategy is established and deployed; identifying and
defining the test levels to be performed.
一个组织范围或者产品范围的测试策略被建立和部署；识别和定义测试级别被执行。
SP 2.1 Perform a generic product risk assessment
SP 2.1 执行一个通用的产品风险评估
A generic product risk assessment is performed to identify the typical critical areas for testing.
一个通用的风险评估被执行来识别测试的典型临界区域。
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Generic product risk list, with a category and priority assigned to each risk
1. 通用产品风险清单，每级风险都标有类别和优先级
Sub-practices
1. Identify and select stakeholders that need to contribute to the generic risk assessment
2. Identify generic product risks using input from stakeholders
3. Document the context and potential consequences of the generic product risk
4. Identify the relevant stakeholders associated for each generic product risk
5. Analyze the identified generic products risks using the predefined parameters, e.g. likelihood and
impact
6. Categorize and group generic product risks according to the defined risk categories
7. Prioritize the generic product risks for mitigation
8. Review and obtain agreement with stakeholders on the completeness, category and priority level
of the generic product risks
9. Revise the generic product risks as appropriate
子实践
1. 识别并选择那些需要做通用风险评估的人员
2. 使用相关人员的输入来识别通用产品风险
3. 记录通用产品风险的背景和潜在的结果
4. 对各级通用产品风险确定与之关联的相关人员
5. 使用预定义的参数分析已确定的通用产品风险，例如，可能性和影响
6. 通过已定义的风险类别，给通用产品风险分类，分组
7. 区分通用产品风险缓解的优先级8. 评审和取得相关人员在一般产品风险的完整性，类别和优先级一致同意
9. 适当的修订通用产品的风险
Note that product risk categories and parameters as defined in the “Test Planning” process area (SP
1.1 “Define product risk categories and parameters”) are largely re-used within this specific practice.
Refer to SG 1 “Perform a product risk assessment” from the process area “Test Planning” for more
details on the (sub) practices for performing the generic product risk assessment.
请注意，定义在“测试计划”过程域（SP1.1 定义产品风险类别和参数）的产品风险类别和参数，在这个特定的实践里被最大限度的重用。在（子）实践中执行通

用产品风险评估的更多信息请参考过程域“测试计划”中SG1 “执行产品风险评估”
SP 2.2 Define test strategy
SP 2.2 定义测试策略
The test strategy is defined, identifying the test levels and defining for each level amongst others the
objectives, responsibilities, main tasks and entry/exit criteria.
该测试策略的定义，定义每个测试级别并确定各个级别的目标，职责，主要任务和进入/退出标准。
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Test strategy
1. 测试策略
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Study test policy and goals
2. Provide feedback for clarifying test policy and goals as necessary
1. 学习测试政策和目标
2. 必要时提供澄清测试政策和目标的反馈
3. Define the test strategy clearly linked with the defined test policy and goals
3. 定义测试策略并能清晰的链接到已定义的政策和目标
Examples of topics to be addressed as part of a test strategy include the following:
• Generics risks of the products being developed
• Overall test model (V-model, incremental lifecycle) as a way to mitigate the risks
• Test levels (e.g. unit, integration, system and acceptance test)
• Objectives, responsibilities and main tasks at each test level, e.g.
• for unit testing:
• verifying that the unit operates as specified in the unit design a certain level of
code coverage is achieved
• for integration testing:
• verifying that the units together operate as specified in the global design
• verifying that the interfaces operate as specified in the interface specification
• for system testing:
• verifying that the system operates as specified in the requirements
specification
• a certain level of system requirements coverage is achieved
• for acceptance testing:
• verifying that the system satisfies acceptance criteria
• validating whether the system is ‘fit for use’
• a certain level of user requirements coverage is achieved
• Test case design techniques to be used at each test level
• Test types to be carried out at each test level
• Entry and exit criteria for each test level
• Standards that must be complied with
• Level of independence
• Environment in which the tests will be executed
• Approach to automation at each test level
• Approach to regression testing
部分测试策略的实例如下：
 正在开发产品的一般风险
 总的测试模型（V模型，增加的生命周期）作为减少风险的一个途径
 测试类别（如，单元测试，集成测试，系统测试和验收测试）
 各个测试类别的目标，职责和只要任务，例如
    单元测试：
      验证单元设计中制定的当前类别代码覆盖率是否被实现
    集成测试
      验证全局设计中指定的一起单元操作
      验证接口说明书中指定的接口操作
    系统测试
      验证需求说明书中指定的系统操作
      要达到当前类别的系统需求覆盖率
    验收测试
      验证该系统满足验收标准
      验证系统是否是'适合使用'
      当前类别的用户需求覆盖率是否被实现
 被用在每个测试级别的测试用例设计技术
 在每个测试级别实现的测试种类
 每个测试类别的进入/退出标准
 必须遵守的标准
 级别独立性
 执行测试的环境
 每个测试级别的自动化方法
 回归测试方法         
4. Review the test strategy with stakeholders
5. Define and establish ownership for test strategy
6. Revisit and revise the test strategy as appropriate, e.g. on a yearly basis
4. 评审测试策略
5. 定义和建立测试策略的所有权
6. 在适当的时候重访并修订测试策略，例如基于年度。
Note that the test strategy will serve as a starting point for testing to be performed in a project.
However, each project can tailor the overall strategy to its needs. Non-compliances shall be clearly
documented in the test plan.
请注意，测试策略将作为项目中测试执行的起点。而且，每个项目可以调整其整体战略以满足它的需要。不需要遵守的应当明确记录在测试计划。
SP 2.3 Distribute the test strategy to the stakeholders
SP 2.3 分发测试策略到相关人员
The test strategy is presented to and discussed with stakeholders inside and outside testing.
测试策略被介绍到测试内外的相关人员，并与之讨论。
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Deployment plan
2. Presentation test strategy
1. 部署计划
2. 演示测试策略
Examples of distribution mechanisms include the following:
• Documenting it in a handbook and/or quality system
• Presentations in project and/or departmental meetings
• Posters on the wall
• Making it part of the departmental introduction program
• Access on a central web portal
分配机制的例子包括如下：
 记录在手册里或者质量体系中
 在项目或者部门会议上演示
 张贴海报
 成为部门介绍程序的一部分
 能在网站的显著位置访问到
SG 3 Establish Test Performance Indicators
SG 3 建立测试性能指标
A set of goal oriented test process performance indicators is established and deployed
建立和部署面向目标的测试过程性能指标
SP 3.1 Define test performance indicators
SP 3.1 定义测试性能指标
The test performance indicators are defined based upon the test policy and goals, including the
procedure for data collection, storage and analysis.
测试性能指标定义在测试政策和目标基础上，包括数据收集，存储和分析的过程。
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Test performance indicators
2. Data collection, storage, analysis and reporting procedure
1. 测试性能指标
2. 数据收集，存储，分析和报告程序
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Study test policy and goals, e.g. the objectives for test process improvement
2. Provide feedback for clarifying test policy and goals as necessary
3. Define the test performance indicators traceable to the test policy and goals
1. 学习测试政策和目标,如测试过程改进的目标
2. 必要时提供澄清测试政策和目标的反馈
3. 定义测试性能指标并能链接到已定义的政策和目标
Examples of test performance indicators include the following:
• Test effort and cost
• Test lead time
• Number of defects found
• Defect detection percentage
• Test maturity level
测试性能指标的例子如下：
 测试成本 测试所需的时间 缺陷的数量 缺陷检测率 测试成熟度
4. Review the performance indicators with stakeholders
5. Define and establish ownership for test performance indicators
6. Specify how performance indicators will be obtained and stored
7. Specify how performance indicators will be analyzed and reported
4. 评审性能指标
5. 定义和建立测试性能指标的所有权
6。指定如何获得和储存性能指标7。指定如何分析和报告性能指标
SP 3.2 Deploy test performance indicators
SP 3.2 部署测试性能指标
Deploy the test performance indicators and provide measurement results, which address the identified
test performance indicators, to stakeholders.
部署测试性能指标，提供测量结果，这些结果都可对应到已确定的测试性能指标
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Test performance indicators data
2. Reports on test performance indicators
1. 测试性能指标数据
2. 测试性能指标的报告
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Obtain specified performance indicators data
2. Analyze and interpret performance indictors
3. Manage and store performance indicators data and analysis results
4. Report the performance indicators to stakeholders on a periodic basis
5. Assist stakeholders in understanding the results
1。获取指定的性能指标数据2。分析和解释性能指标3。管理和存储性能指标数据和分析结果4。定期报告性能指标给相关人员5。辅助相关人员理解结果
Examples of actions to assist in understanding of results include the following:
• Discussing the results with relevant stakeholders
• Provide contextual information that provides background and explanation
协助理解结果的实例包括如下：
 与相关人员讨论结果
 提供相关的信息，背景和解释等