行列式计算方法
1.箭型行列式
最常见最常用的行列式,特征很好辨识,必须掌握,请看下例:
e g : D n = ∣ x 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 x 2 1 x 3 . . . . . . 1 . . . x n ∣ ( 空 白 处 都 为 0 ) eg:D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&1&1 &... &1\\ 1&x_2&&&\\ 1&&x_3\\ ...&&&...\\ 1&&&...&x_n \end{array}\right|(空白处都为0) eg:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x111...11x21x3.........1xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣(空白处都为0)
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 把第 i i i列乘以 − 1 x i , i = 2... n -\frac{1}{x_i},i=2...n −xi1,i=2...n再加到第一列
得:
D n = ∣ x 1 − 1 x 2 − . . . − 1 x n 1 1 . . . 1 0 x 2 0 x 3 . . . . . . 0 . . . x n ∣ D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1-\frac{1}{x_2}-...-\frac{1}{x_n}&1&1 &... &1\\ 0&x_2&&&\\ 0&&x_3\\ ...&&&...\\ 0&&&...&x_n \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1−x21−...−xn100...01x21x3.........1xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
所以:
D n = ∏ i = 2 n x i ( x 1 − ∑ i = 2 n 1 x i ) D_n=\prod_{i=2}^{n}x_i(x_1-\sum_{i=2}^{n}\frac{1}{x_i}) Dn=i=2∏nxi(x1−i=2∑nxi1)
例题一:
设
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D=\left|\begin{array}{cccccc} a_{0} & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & a_{1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & a_{2} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_{n-1} & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & a_{n} \end{array}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a011⋮111a10⋮0010a2⋮00⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯100⋮an−10100⋮0an∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
解析:将第
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\begin{aligned} D &=\left|\begin{array}{ccccccc} a_{0}- & \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{a_{i}} & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & a_{1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_{2} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & a_{n-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & a_{n} \end{array}\right| \\ =&\left(a_{0}-\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{a_{i}}\right) a_{1} a_{2} \cdots a_{n} \end{aligned}
D==∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a0−00⋮00∑i=1nai1a10⋮0010a2⋮001⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯00⋮an−10100⋮0an1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣(a0−i=1∑nai1)a1a2⋯an
2. 两三角型行列式
- 特征为对角线上方元素均为 a a a ,下方元素均为 b b b
- 当 a = b a=b a=b 时可化为箭型行列式计算,当 a ≠ b a\not=b a=b 时采用拆行法计算,请看下面两例
e g 1 ( a = b ) : D n = ∣ x 1 b b . . . b b x 2 b . . . b b b x 3 . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b b b . . . x n ∣ eg1(a=b):D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&b&b &... &b\\ b&x_2&b&...&b\\ b&b&x_3&...&b\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ b&b&b&...&x_n \end{array}\right| eg1(a=b):Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1bb...bbx2b...bbbx3...b...............bbb...xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 将第一行元素乘以 ( − 1 ) (-1) (−1)加到第 i , i = 2... n i,i=2...n i,i=2...n行
得:
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D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&b&b &... &b\\ b-x_1&x_2-b&0&...&0\\ b-x_1&0&x_3-b&...&0\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ b-x_1&0&0&...&x_n-b \end{array}\right|
Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1b−x1b−x1...b−x1bx2−b0...0b0x3−b...0...............b00...xn−b∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
即化成了箭型行列式,所以:
D n = [ ∏ i = 2 n ( x i − b ) ] × [ x 1 − b ( b − x 1 ) ∑ i = 2 n 1 x i − b ] D_n=[\prod_{i=2}^{n}(x_i-b)]\times[x_1-b(b-x_1)\sum_{i=2}^{n}\frac{1}{x_i-b}] Dn=[i=2∏n(xi−b)]×[x1−b(b−x1)i=2∑nxi−b1]
e g 2 ( a ≠ b ) : D n = ∣ x 1 a a . . . a b x 2 a . . . a b b x 3 . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b b b . . . x n ∣ eg2(a\not=b):D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&a&a &... &a\\ b&x_2&a&...&a\\ b&b&x_3&...&a\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ b&b&b&...&x_n \end{array}\right| eg2(a=b):Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1bb...bax2b...baax3...b...............aaa...xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 采用拆行法,目的是为了降阶
D n = ∣ x 1 a a . . . a + 0 b x 2 a . . . a + 0 b b x 3 . . . a + 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b b b . . . x n + b − b ∣ D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&a&a &... &a+0\\ b&x_2&a&...&a+0\\ b&b&x_3&...&a+0\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ b&b&b&...&x_n+b-b \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1bb...bax2b...baax3...b...............a+0a+0a+0...xn+b−b∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
D n = ∣ x 1 a a . . . a b x 2 a . . . a b b x 3 . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b b b . . . b ∣ ( ∗ ) + ∣ x 1 a a . . . 0 b x 2 a . . . 0 b b x 3 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b b b . . . x n − b ∣ D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&a&a &... &a\\ b&x_2&a&...&a\\ b&b&x_3&...&a\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ b&b&b&...&b \end{array}\right|_{(*)}+\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1&a&a &... &0\\ b&x_2&a&...&0\\ b&b&x_3&...&0\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ b&b&b&...&x_n-b \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1bb...bax2b...baax3...b...............aaa...b∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣(∗)+∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1bb...bax2b...baax3...b...............000...xn−b∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
将最后一列元素乘以 ( − 1 ) (-1) (−1)加到第 i , i = 1... n − 1 i,i=1...n-1 i,i=1...n−1列,得:
D n = ∣ x 1 − a 0 0 . . . a b − a x 2 − a 0 . . . a b − a b − a x 3 − a . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 . . . b ∣ + ( x n − b ) D n − 1 D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} x_1-a&0&0 &... &a\\ b-a&x_2-a&0&...&a\\ b-a&b-a&x_3-a&...&a\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ 0&0&0&...&b \end{array}\right|+(x_n-b)D_{n-1} Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1−ab−ab−a...00x2−ab−a...000x3−a...0...............aaa...b∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+(xn−b)Dn−1
所以:
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D_n=b\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}(x_i-a)+(x_n-b)D_{n-1}
Dn=bi=1∏n−1(xi−a)+(xn−b)Dn−1
再由行列式转置不变性得到:
D n = a ∏ i = 1 n − 1 ( x i − b ) + ( x n − a ) D n − 1 D_n=a\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}(x_i-b)+(x_n-a)D_{n-1} Dn=ai=1∏n−1(xi−b)+(xn−a)Dn−1
联立上述两式 ,得通式:
D n = 1 a − b [ a ∏ i = 1 n ( x i − b ) − b ∏ j = 1 n ( x j − a ) ] D_n=\frac{1}{a-b}[a\prod_{i=1}^{n}(x_i-b)-b\prod_{j=1}^{n}(x_j-a)] Dn=a−b1[ai=1∏n(xi−b)−bj=1∏n(xj−a)]
例题一:计算
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D_{n}=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc} 1 & 3 & 3 & \cdots & 3 \\ 3 & 2 & 3 & \cdots & 3 \\ 3 & 3 & 3 & \cdots & 3 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ 3 & 3 & 3 & \cdots & n \end{array}\right|
Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣133⋮3323⋮3333⋮3⋯⋯⋯⋯333⋮n∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
解析:当
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D_{2}=\left|\begin{array}{ll}1 & 3 \\ 3 & 2\end{array}\right|=-7
D2=∣∣∣∣1332∣∣∣∣=−7;
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D_{n}=\left|\begin{array}{cccccc} -2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & \cdots & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & n-3 \end{array}\right|
Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−2030⋮00−130⋮00030⋮00031⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯0030⋮n−3∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
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\begin{aligned} &D_{n}=\left|\begin{array}{cccccc} -2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & n-3 \end{array}\right|\\ &=(-2)(-1) \cdot 3 \cdot(n-3) !=6 \cdot(n-3) ! \end{aligned}
Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−2000⋮00−100⋮00030⋮00001⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯0000⋮n−3∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−2)(−1)⋅3⋅(n−3)!=6⋅(n−3)!
注解:考虑到第三行得特殊性本题就可以解决了,另外需要考虑 n = 2 n=2 n=2得特殊情形。如果仍旧从第一列去化简,本题是很难得到结果的。
- 通过适当变换可以化为两三角型行列式的,描述不如大家自己看例子揣摩,也很容易理解的,请看下例
e g 3 : D n = ∣ d b b . . . b c x a . . . a c a x . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c a a . . . x ∣ eg3:D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} d&b&b &... &b\\ c&x&a&...&a\\ c&a&x&...&a\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ c&a&a&...&x \end{array}\right| eg3:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣dcc...cbxa...abax...a...............baa...x∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 将第一行乘上 a b \frac{a}{b} ba ,第一列乘上 a c \frac{a}{c} ca ,得:
D n = b c a 2 ∣ a 2 d b c a a . . . a a x a . . . a a a x . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a a a . . . x ∣ D_n=\frac{bc}{a^2}\left|\begin{array}{cccc} \frac{a^2d}{bc}&a&a &... &a\\ a&x&a&...&a\\ a&a&x&...&a\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ a&a&a&...&x \end{array}\right| Dn=a2bc∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣bca2daa...aaxa...aaax...a...............aaa...x∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
即化成了两三角型行列式
- 一些每行上有公因子但是无法向上式那样在保持行列式不变的基础上能提出公因子的,采用**升阶法,**请看下例
e g 4 : D n = ∣ 1 + x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 3 . . . x 1 x n x 2 x 1 1 + x 2 2 x 2 x 3 . . . x 2 x n x 3 x 1 x 3 x 2 1 + x 3 2 . . . x 3 x n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x n x 1 x n x 2 x n x 3 . . . 1 + x n 2 ∣ eg4:D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1+x_{1}^2&x_1x_2&x_1x_3 &... &x_1x_n\\ x_2x_1&1+x_{2}^2&x_2x_3&...&x_2x_n\\ x_3x_1&x_3x_2&1+x_{3}^2&...&x_3x_n\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ x_nx_1&x_nx_2&x_nx_3&...&1+x_{n}^2 \end{array}\right| eg4:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1+x12x2x1x3x1...xnx1x1x21+x22x3x2...xnx2x1x3x2x31+x32...xnx3...............x1xnx2xnx3xn...1+xn2∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 加边升阶,得:
D n = ∣ 1 x 1 x 2 x 3 . . . x n 0 1 + x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 3 . . . x 1 x n 0 x 2 x 1 1 + x 2 2 x 2 x 3 . . . x 2 x n 0 x 3 x 1 x 3 x 2 1 + x 3 2 . . . x 3 x n 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 x n x 1 x n x 2 x n x 3 . . . 1 + x n 2 ∣ D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1&x_1&x_2&x_3&...&x_n\\ 0&1+x_{1}^2&x_1x_2&x_1x_3 &... &x_1x_n\\ 0&x_2x_1&1+x_{2}^2&x_2x_3&...&x_2x_n\\ 0&x_3x_1&x_3x_2&1+x_{3}^2&...&x_3x_n\\ 0&...&...&...&...&...\\ 0&x_nx_1&x_nx_2&x_nx_3&...&1+x_{n}^2 \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣100000x11+x12x2x1x3x1...xnx1x2x1x21+x22x3x2...xnx2x3x1x3x2x31+x32...xnx3..................xnx1xnx2xnx3xn...1+xn2∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
再将第 i , i = 2... n + 1 i,i=2...n+1 i,i=2...n+1 都减去第一行的 x i , i = 1... n x_i,i=1...n xi,i=1...n 倍,得:
D n = ∣ 1 x 1 x 2 x 3 . . . x n − x 1 1 0 0 . . . 0 − x 2 0 1 0 . . . 0 − x 3 0 0 1 . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . − x n 0 0 0 . . . 1 ∣ D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1&x_1&x_2&x_3&...&x_n\\ -x_1&1&0&0 &... &0\\ -x_2&0&1&0&...&0\\ -x_3&0&0&1&...&0\\ 0&...&...&...&...&...\\ -x_n&0&0&0&...&1 \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1−x1−x2−x30−xnx1100...0x2010...0x3001...0..................xn000...1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
即又化成了箭型行列式,可得通式:
D n = 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 D_n=1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2} Dn=1+i=1∑nxi2
3.两条线型行列式
特征是除了主(次)对角线或与其相邻得一条斜线所组成的任意一条线加四个顶点中的某个顶点外,其他元素均为 0 0 0,这类行列式可以直接展开降阶。这段描述有点繁琐,但其实也并不复杂,请看下例理解
e g 3 : D n = ∣ a 1 b 1 . . . a 2 b 2 . . . a 3 . . . . . . a n − 1 b n − 1 b n . . . a n ∣ ( 空 白 处 都 为 0 ) eg3:D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} a_1&b_1& &... &\\ &a_2&b_2&...&\\ &&a_3&...&\\ &&&\\ &&...&a_{n-1}&b_{n-1} \\ b_n&&...&&a_n \end{array}\right| (空白处都为0) eg3:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a1bnb1a2b2a3...............an−1bn−1an∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣(空白处都为0)
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 按照第一列两个非 0 0 0元素拉普拉斯展开即可
D n = ∏ i = 1 n a i + ( − 1 ) n + 1 ∏ i = 1 n b i D_n=\prod_{i=1}^{n}a_i+(-1)^{n+1}\prod_{i=1}^{n}b_i Dn=i=1∏nai+(−1)n+1i=1∏nbi
4.范德蒙德型行列式
范德蒙德行列式大家应该熟悉,而范德蒙德型行列式的特征就是有逐行(列)元素按幂递增(减),可以将其转化为范德蒙德行列式来计算,请看下例
e g : D n = ∣ a 1 n a 1 n − 1 b 1 . . . a 1 b 1 n − 1 b 1 n a 2 n a 2 n − 1 b 2 . . . a 2 b 2 n − 1 b 2 n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a n n a n n − 1 b n . . . a n b n n − 1 b n n a n + 1 n a n + 1 n − 1 b n + 1 . . . a n + 1 b n + 1 n − 1 b n + 1 n ∣ eg:D_n=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} a_{1}^n& a_{1}^{n-1}b_1&... &a_1b_1^{n-1}&b_1^n\\ a_{2}^n&a_{2}^{n-1}b_2&...&a_2b_2^{n-1}&b_2^n\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ a_{n}^n&a_{n}^{n-1}b_n&...&a_nb_n^{n-1}&b_n^n\\ a_{n+1}^n&a_{n+1}^{n-1}b_{n+1}&...&a_{n+1}b_{n+1}^{n-1}&b_{n+1}^n \end{array}\right| eg:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a1na2n...annan+1na1n−1b1a2n−1b2...ann−1bnan+1n−1bn+1...............a1b1n−1a2b2n−1...anbnn−1an+1bn+1n−1b1nb2n...bnnbn+1n∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 将每行都提出 a i n , i = 1... n + 1 a_i^{n},i=1...n+1 ain,i=1...n+1倍,得:
D n = ∏ i = 1 n + 1 a i n ∣ 1 b 1 a 1 . . . ( b 1 a 1 ) n − 1 ( b 1 a 1 ) n 1 b 2 a 2 . . . ( b 2 a 2 ) n − 1 ( b 2 a 2 ) n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 b n a n . . . ( b n a n ) n − 1 ( b n a n ) n 1 b n + 1 a n + 1 . . . ( b n + 1 a n + 1 ) n − 1 ( b n + 1 a n + 1 ) n ∣ D_n=\prod_{i=1}^{n+1}a_i^n\left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1& \frac{b_1}{a_1}&... &(\frac{b_1}{a_1})^{n-1}&(\frac{b_1}{a_1})^{n}\\ 1&\frac{b_2}{a_2}&...&(\frac{b_2}{a_2})^{n-1}&(\frac{b_2}{a_2})^{n}\\ ...&...&...&...&...\\ 1&\frac{b_n}{a_n}&...&(\frac{b_n}{a_n})^{n-1}&(\frac{b_n}{a_n})^{n}\\ 1&\frac{b_{n+1}}{a_{n+1}}&...&(\frac{b_{n+1}}{a_{n+1}})^{n-1}&(\frac{b_{n+1}}{a_{n+1}})^{n} \end{array}\right| Dn=i=1∏n+1ain∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣11...11a1b1a2b2...anbnan+1bn+1...............(a1b1)n−1(a2b2)n−1...(anbn)n−1(an+1bn+1)n−1(a1b1)n(a2b2)n...(anbn)n(an+1bn+1)n∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
上式即为范德蒙德行列式,所以通式为:
D n = ∏ 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n + 1 ( a i b j − b i a j ) a i a j D_n=\prod_{1\le i<j\le n+1}\frac{(a_ib_j-b_ia_j)}{a_ia_j} Dn=1≤i<j≤n+1∏aiaj(aibj−biaj)
5. H e s s e n b e r g Hessenberg Hessenberg型行列式
特征为除了主(次)对角线及与其相邻的斜线,再加上第一行(列)或第 n n n行(列)外,其余元素均为 0 0 0。这类行列式有点像前面说的两条线型行列式,但是还是有一点区别的。这类行列式都用累加消点法,即通常将某一行(列)都化简到只有一个非 0 0 0元素,以便于降阶计算,请看下例
e g : D n = ∣ 1 2 3 . . . n − 1 n 1 − 1 2 − 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n − 2 2 − n . . . n − 1 1 − n ∣ eg:D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1&2&3 &... &n-1&n\\ 1&-1&&&&\\ &2&-2&...\\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ &&&n-2&2-n&\\ &&&...&n-1&1-n \end{array}\right| eg:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣11...2−12...3−2............n−2...n−1...2−nn−1n...1−n∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 将各列都加到第一列,得到:
D n = ∣ n ( n + 1 ) 2 2 3 . . . n − 1 n 0 − 1 0 2 − 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 n − 2 2 − n 0 . . . n − 1 1 − n ∣ D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} \frac{n(n+1)}{2}&2&3 &... &n-1&n\\ 0&-1&&&&\\ 0&2&-2&...\\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ 0&&&n-2&2-n&\\ 0&&&...&n-1&1-n \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣2n(n+1)00...002−12...3−2............n−2...n−1...2−nn−1n...1−n∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
降阶之后再重复上述步骤即可得到通式:
D n = ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( n + 1 ) ! 2 D_n=(-1)^{n-1}\frac{(n+1)!}{2} Dn=(−1)n−12(n+1)!
注:需要说明的是,上面举的例子比较容易看出如何实施累加消点法就可以实现将某一行(列)都化简到只有一个非 0 0 0元素从而达到降阶的目的,但是还有很多 H e s s e n b e r g Hessenberg Hessenberg型行列式并不这么容易就做到,还需要大家找找技巧稍微变换一下,只要始终记得你要用累加消点法来消元来降阶就可以了。
例题一:计算
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D=\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}-a_{1} & a_{1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -a_{2} & a_{2} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -a_{3} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & -a_{n} & a_{n} \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1\end{array}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−a100⋮01a1−a20⋮010a2−a3⋮01⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯000⋮−an1000⋮an1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
解析:该行列式前
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D=\left|\begin{array}{cccccc} 0 & a_{1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -a_{2} & a_{2} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -a_{3} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & -a_{n} & a_{n} \\ n+1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \end{array}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣000⋮0n+1a1−a20⋮010a2−a3⋮01⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯000⋮−an1000⋮an1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
再按第一列展开,得
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\begin{aligned} D=(-1)^{n+1+1}(n+1) &\left|\begin{array}{ccccc} a_{1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ -a_{2} & a_{2} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -a_{3} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & -a_{n} & a_{n} \end{array}\right| \\ =(-1)^{n}(n+1) a_{1} a_{2} \cdots a_{n} \end{aligned}
D=(−1)n+1+1(n+1)=(−1)n(n+1)a1a2⋯an∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣a1−a20⋮00a2−a3⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋯000⋮−an000⋮an∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
例题二
计算n阶行列式计算
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D_{n}=\left|\begin{array}{ccccccc} x & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 & a_{0} \\ -1 & x & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 & a_{1} \\ 0 & -1 & x & \cdots & 0 & 0 & a_{2} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & -1 & x & a_{n-2} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & -1 & x+a_{n-1} \end{array}\right|
Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x−10⋮000x−1⋮0000x⋮00⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯000⋮−10000⋮x−1a0a1a2⋮an−2x+an−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
解析:
方法一
这个题目是两线带一边形状的,先分离,再展开,可得递推式,求解为
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D_{n}=x\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}x & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 & a_{1} \\ -1 & x & \cdots & 0 & 0 & a_{2} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & -1 & x & a_{n-2} \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & -1 & x+a_{n-1}\end{array}\right|+(-1)^{1+n} a_{0}\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}-1 & x & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & x & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & -1 & x \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & -1\end{array}\right|
Dn=x∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x−1⋮000x⋮00⋯⋯⋯⋯00⋮−1000⋮x−1a1a2⋮an−2x+an−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣+(−1)1+na0∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−10⋮00x−1⋮000x⋮00⋯⋯⋯⋯00⋮−1000⋮x−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
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=x(xn−1+an−1xn−2+⋯+a2x+a1)+(−1)1+na0(−1)n−1
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=x^{n}+a_{n-1} x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_{2} x^{2}+a_{1} x+a_{0}
=xn+an−1xn−1+⋯+a2x2+a1x+a0
方法二:
可以采用累加相消法,将最后一行的
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6.三对角型行列式
这是一种递推结构的行列式,特征为所有主子式都有相同的结构,从而以最后一列展开,将所得的 ( n − 1 ) (n-1) (n−1) 阶行列式再展开即得递推公式,即递推法(特征方程法),请看下例
e g : D n = ∣ a b . . . c a b . . . c a b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a b . . . c a ∣ eg:D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} a&b& &&... &&&\\ c&a&b&&...&&&\\ &c&a&b&...&&\\ ...&...&...&...&...&\\ &&&&...&a&b\\ &&&&...&c&a \end{array}\right| eg:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣ac...bac...ba...b.....................acba∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 按第一列拉普拉斯展开,得:
D n = a D n − 1 − b c D n − 2 D_n=aD_{n-1}-bcD_{n-2} Dn=aDn−1−bcDn−2
解特征方程: x 2 = a x − b c x^2=ax-bc x2=ax−bc ,得:
x 1 = a + a 2 − 4 b c 2 x_1=\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-4bc}}{2} x1=2a+a2−4bc
x 2 = a − a 2 − 4 b c 2 x_2=\frac{a-\sqrt{a^2-4bc}}{2} x2=2a−a2−4bc
即可得通式:
D n = x 1 n + 1 − x 2 n + 1 x 1 − x 2 D_n = \frac{x_1^{n+1}-x_2^{n+1}}{x_1-x_2} Dn=x1−x2x1n+1−x2n+1
注:特征方程法我没记错的话,应该是在高中将数列的时候用到的。
7.各行元素和相等型行列式
这个特征已经很清楚了吧,方法就是累加法,很简单,直接看下例
e g : D n = ∣ 1 + x 1 x 1 . . . x 1 x 2 1 + x 2 . . . x 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . x n x n . . . 1 + x n ∣ eg:D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1+x_1&x_1 &... &x_1\\ x_2&1+x_2&...&x_2\\ ...&...&...&...\\ x_n&x_n&...&1+x_n \end{array}\right| eg:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1+x1x2...xnx11+x2...xn............x1x2...1+xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 将第 i , i = 2... n i,i=2...n i,i=2...n 行都加到第一行去,得:
D n = ∣ 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i . . . 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i x 2 1 + x 2 . . . x 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . x n x n . . . 1 + x n ∣ D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i&1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i &... &1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i\\ x_2&1+x_2&...&x_2\\ ...&...&...&...\\ x_n&x_n&...&1+x_n \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1+∑i=1nxix2...xn1+∑i=1nxi1+x2...xn............1+∑i=1nxix2...1+xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
所以:
D n = ( 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i ) ∣ 1 1 . . . 1 x 2 1 + x 2 . . . x 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . x n x n . . . 1 + x n ∣ = ( 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i ) ∣ 1 0 . . . 0 x 2 1 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . x n 0 . . . 1 ∣ = 1 + ∑ i = 1 n x i D_n= (1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i)\left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1&1 &... &1\\ x_2&1+x_2&...&x_2\\ ...&...&...&...\\ x_n&x_n&...&1+x_n \end{array}\right|= (1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i)\left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1&0&... &0\\ x_2&1&...&0\\ ...&...&...&...\\ x_n&0&...&1 \end{array}\right|=1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i Dn=(1+i=1∑nxi)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1x2...xn11+x2...xn............1x2...1+xn∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(1+i=1∑nxi)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1x2...xn01...0............00...1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=1+i=1∑nxi
8.相邻两行对应元素相差K倍型行列式
这个要用步步差法
(1)大部分元素为数字,且相邻两行对应元素相差为 1 1 1,采用逐步作差的方法,即可出现大量 ± 1 \pm1 ±1 元素,进而出现大量 0 0 0元素
(2)若相邻两行相差 K K K倍,采用逐步作 k k k倍差得方法,即可出现大量 0 0 0元素
请看下面两个例子
e g 1 : D n = ∣ 0 1 2 . . . n − 2 n − 1 1 0 1 . . . n − 3 n − 2 2 1 0 . . . n − 4 n − 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n − 2 n − 3 n − 4 . . . 0 1 n − 1 n − 2 n − 3 . . . 1 0 ∣ eg1:D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} 0&1&2 &...&n-2 &n-1\\ 1&0&1&...&n-3&n-2\\ 2&1&0&...&n-4&n-3\\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ n-2&n-3&n-4&...&0&1\\ n-1&n-2&n-3&...&1&0 \end{array}\right| eg1:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣012...n−2n−1101...n−3n−2210...n−4n−3..................n−2n−3n−4...01n−1n−2n−3...10∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 从第二行开始,每行乘以 ( − 1 ) (-1) (−1)再加到上一行,得:
D n = ∣ − 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 − 1 − 1 1 . . . 1 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . − 1 − 1 − 1 . . . − 1 1 n − 1 n − 2 n − 3 . . . 1 0 ∣ D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} -1&1&1 &...&1 &1\\ -1&-1&1&...&1&1\\ -1&-1&-1&...&1&1\\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ -1&-1&-1&...&-1&1\\ n-1&n-2&n-3&...&1&0 \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−1−1−1...−1n−11−1−1...−1n−211−1...−1n−3..................111...−11111...10∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
再将第一列加到第 i , i = 2... n i,i=2...n i,i=2...n 列,得:
D n = ∣ − 1 0 0 . . . 0 0 − 1 − 2 0 . . . 0 0 − 1 − 2 − 2 . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . − 1 − 2 − 2 . . . − 2 0 n − 1 2 n − 3 2 n − 4 . . . n n − 1 ∣ = ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( − 2 ) n − 2 ( n − 1 ) D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} -1&0&0&...&0&0\\ -1&-2&0&...&0&0\\ -1&-2&-2&...&0&0\\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ -1&-2&-2&...&-2&0\\ n-1&2n-3&2n-4&...&n&n-1 \end{array}\right|=(-1)^{n-1}(-2)^{n-2}(n-1) Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−1−1−1...−1n−10−2−2...−22n−300−2...−22n−4..................000...−2n000...0n−1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−1)n−1(−2)n−2(n−1)
e g 2 : D n = ∣ 1 a a 2 . . . a n − 2 a n − 1 a n − 1 1 a . . . a n − 3 a n − 2 a n − 2 a n − 1 1 . . . a n − 4 a n − 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 2 a 3 a 4 . . . 1 a a a 2 a 3 . . . a n − 1 1 ∣ eg2:D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1&a&a^2 &...&a^{n-2} &a^{n-1}\\ a^{n-1}&1&a&...&a^{n-3} &a^{n-2} \\ a^{n-2} &a^{n-1} &1&...&a^{n-4} &a^{n-3} \\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ a^2&a^3&a^4&...&1&a\\ a&a^2&a^3&...&a^{n-1}&1 \end{array}\right| eg2:Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1an−1an−2...a2aa1an−1...a3a2a2a1...a4a3..................an−2an−3an−4...1an−1an−1an−2an−3...a1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: 从第一行开始,依次用前一行加上后一行的 ( − a ) (-a) (−a) 倍,得:
D n = ∣ 1 − a n 0 0 . . . 0 0 a n − 1 1 − a n 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 1 − a n . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 . . . 1 − a n 0 a a 2 a 3 . . . a n − 1 1 ∣ D_n= \left|\begin{array}{cccc} 1-a^n&0&0&...&0&0\\ a^{n-1}&1-a^n&0&...&0 &0\\ 0 &0 &1-a^n&...&0&0 \\ ...&...&...&...&...&...\\ 0&0&0&...&1-a^n&0\\ a&a^2&a^3&...&a^{n-1}&1 \end{array}\right| Dn=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1−anan−10...0a01−an0...0a2001−an...0a3..................000...1−anan−1000...01∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
所以:
D n = ( 1 − a n ) n − 1 D_n=(1-a^n)^{n-1} Dn=(1−an)n−1
例题一: 计算 n n n阶行列式 D = ∣ 1 2 3 4 ⋯ n 1 1 2 3 ⋯ n − 1 1 x 1 2 ⋯ n − 2 1 x x 1 ⋯ n − 3 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 1 x x x ⋯ 1 ∣ D=\left|\begin{array}{cccccc}1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & \cdots & n \\ 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 & \cdots & n-1 \\ 1 & x & 1 & 2 & \cdots & n-2 \\ 1 & x & x & 1 & \cdots & n-3 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ 1 & x & x & x & \cdots & 1\end{array}\right| D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣1111⋮121xx⋮x321x⋮x4321⋮x⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯nn−1n−2n−3⋮1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
解析:从D的第二行开始,每行乘 ( − 1 ) (-1) (−1)往上加,得
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D=\left|\begin{array}{ccccccc} 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1-x & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-x & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1-x & 1 \\ 1 & x & x & x & \cdots & x & 1 \end{array}\right|
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣000⋮0111−x0⋮0x111−x⋮0x111⋮0x⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯111⋮1−xx111⋮11∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
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=(-1)^{n+1}\left|\begin{array}{cccccc} 1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 1-x & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1-x & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1-x & 1 \end{array}\right|
=(−1)n+1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣11−x0⋮0111−x⋮0111⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋯111⋮1−x111⋮1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
从第一行开始,每行都减下一行,得
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D=(-1)^{n+1}\left|\begin{array}{cccccc} x & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 1-x & x & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1-x & x & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & x & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1-x & 1 \end{array}\right|=(-1)^{n+1} x^{n-2}
D=(−1)n+1∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣x1−x0⋮000x1−x⋮0000x⋮00⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯000x1−x000⋮01∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=(−1)n+1xn−2