有 a ⃗ = ( x 1 , y 1 ) \vec{a} = \left (x_1,y_1 \right ) a=(x1,y1), b ⃗ = ( x 2 , y 2 ) \vec{b} = (x_2,y_2) b=(x2,y2),则有
点乘
定义
a ⋅ b = x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 a\cdot{b} =x_1x_2+y_1y_2 a⋅b=x1x2+y1y2
点乘的推导
θ
\theta
θ为
a
⃗
\vec{a}
a与
b
⃗
\vec{b}
b之间的夹角,
θ
1
\theta_1
θ1是
a
⃗
\vec{a}
a与x轴所成的夹角,
θ
2
\theta_2
θ2为
b
⃗
\vec{b}
b与x轴所成的夹角,
θ
=
θ
1
+
θ
2
\theta=\theta_1+\theta_2
θ=θ1+θ2
a
⋅
b
=
x
1
x
2
+
y
1
y
2
a\cdot{b} = x_1x_2+y_1y_2
a⋅b=x1x2+y1y2
a
⋅
b
=
∣
a
⃗
∣
c
o
s
θ
1
∗
∣
b
⃗
∣
c
o
s
θ
2
+
∣
a
⃗
∣
s
i
n
θ
1
∗
∣
b
⃗
∣
s
i
n
θ
2
a\cdot{b} =|\vec{a}|cos\theta_1*|\vec{b}|cos\theta_2+|\vec{a}|sin\theta_1*|\vec{b}|sin\theta_2
a⋅b=∣a∣cosθ1∗∣b∣cosθ2+∣a∣sinθ1∗∣b∣sinθ2
a
⋅
b
=
∣
a
⃗
∣
∣
b
⃗
∣
(
c
o
s
θ
1
c
o
s
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+
s
i
n
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1
s
i
n
θ
2
)
a\cdot{b}=|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|(cos\theta_1cos\theta_2+sin\theta_1sin\theta_2)
a⋅b=∣a∣∣b∣(cosθ1cosθ2+sinθ1sinθ2)
由和角公式得
a ⋅ b = ∣ a ⃗ ∣ ∣ b ⃗ ∣ c o s θ a\cdot{b} =|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|cos\theta a⋅b=∣a∣∣b∣cosθ
应用
1.点乘应用于求2个向量的夹角或者求一个向量在另一个向量的夹角
2. 可以求一个向量在另一个向量的投影
v
∣
∣
=
n
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
∣
n
∣
\mathbf{v}_{||} = \mathbf{n}\frac{\left |\mathbf{v}_{||} \right |}{\left | \mathbf{n} \right |}
v∣∣=n∣n∣∣v∣∣∣
cos
θ
=
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
∣
v
∣
\cos{\theta} = \frac{|\mathbf{v_{||}}|}{|\mathbf{v}|}
cosθ=∣v∣∣v∣∣∣
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
=
cos
θ
∣
v
∣
|\mathbf{v_{||}}| =\cos{\theta}|\mathbf{v}|
∣v∣∣∣=cosθ∣v∣
将
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
|\mathbf{v_{||}}|
∣v∣∣∣带入一式得
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
=
n
∣
v
∣
cos
θ
∣
n
∣
|\mathbf{v_{||}}| =\mathbf{n}\frac{|\mathbf{v}|\cos{\theta}}{|\mathbf{n}|}
∣v∣∣∣=n∣n∣∣v∣cosθ
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
=
n
∣
v
∣
∣
n
∣
cos
θ
∣
n
∣
2
|\mathbf{v_{||}}| =\mathbf{n}\frac{|\mathbf{v}||\mathbf{n}|\cos{\theta}}{|\mathbf{n}|^2}
∣v∣∣∣=n∣n∣2∣v∣∣n∣cosθ
∣
v
∣
∣
∣
=
n
v
⋅
n
∣
n
∣
2
|\mathbf{v_{||}}| =\mathbf{n}\frac{\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{n}}{|\mathbf{n}|^2}
∣v∣∣∣=n∣n∣2v⋅n
叉乘
定义
i,j,k分别为x,y,z上面的单位向量
a
⃗
×
b
⃗
=
∣
i
j
k
x
1
y
1
z
1
x
2
y
2
z
2
∣
\vec{a}\times\vec{b} =\begin{vmatrix} i& j &k \\ x_1& y_1 &z_1 \\ x_2&y_2 &z_2 \end{vmatrix}
a×b=∣∣∣∣∣∣ix1x2jy1y2kz1z2∣∣∣∣∣∣
a ⃗ × b ⃗ = ( y 1 z 2 − z 1 y 2 ) i ⃗ + ( z 1 x 2 − x 1 z 2 ) j ⃗ + ( x 1 y 2 − y 1 x 2 ) k ⃗ \vec{a}\times\vec{b} = (y_1z_2-z_1y_2)\vec{i}+(z_1x_2-x_1z_2)\vec{j}+(x_1y_2-y_1x_2)\vec{k} a×b=(y1z2−z1y2)i+(z1x2−x1z2)j+(x1y2−y1x2)k
向量积
a ⃗ × b ⃗ \vec{a}\times\vec{b} a×b的向量积为
∣ a ⃗ ∣ ∣ b ⃗ ∣ s i n θ |\vec{a}||\vec{b}|sin\theta ∣a∣∣b∣sinθ
即为 a ⃗ \vec{a} a 与 b ⃗ \vec{b} b所形成的平行形的面积