3. Review of Topology in Rn

这一节回顾了在$R^n$中的基本拓扑知识，包括metric space，极限和连续，内点外点和边界点。这部分内容在大部分实分析中都有比较详尽的阐述。
Theorem 3.1是比较经典的开闭集交并结论：开集的有限交和无限并仍是开集，闭集的无限交合有限并仍是闭集。Theorem 3.2也比较经典，子空间的开/闭集是子空间和母空间开/闭集的交集。Theorem 3.3是闭包的概念以及闭集的判别条件。Theorem 3.4说明开闭集与选取的metric无关。
Theorem 3.5说明连续函数的限制仍是连续的，复合连续函数仍是连续函数。Theorem 3.6说明多维连续函数的每个分量函数必须是连续的，反之亦然，四则运算不影响连续性，投影函数连续。
Theorem 3.7说明连续性和极限的关系（在非isolated point上满足当$x\to x_0$时,$f(x)\to f(x_0)$。Theorem 3.8将上一定理的结果拓展到n维

Exercises

Throughout, let $X$ be a metric space with metric $d$.
Exercise 1. Show that $U(x_0;ϵ)$ is an open set.
Solution: For $\forall x\in U(x_0;ϵ)$, we have $d(x,x_0)<ϵ$, thus $\delta :=ϵ-d(x,x_0)>0$, consider the set $U(x,\delta )$, for any $y\in U(x,\delta )$, we can have $d(y,x_0)\le d(y,x)+d(x,x_0)<\delta +d(x,x_0)=ϵ$, so $y\in U(x_0;ϵ)$ and $U(x,\delta )\subset U(x_0;ϵ)$, which means $U(x_0;ϵ)$ is an open set.

Exercise 2. Let $Y\subset X$. Give an example where $A$ is open in $Y$ but not open in $X$. Give an example where $A$ is closed in $Y$ but not closed in $X$.
Solution: Let $X=(-1,2),Y=A=[0,1]$, then $A$ is open in $Y$, but not open in $X$.
Let $X=[0,1],Y=A=[0,1)$, then $A$ is closed in $Y$, but not closed in $X$.

Exercise 3. Let $A\subset X$. Show that if $C$ is a closed set of $X$ and $C$ contains $A$, then $C$ contains $\overline{A}$.
Solution: Let $x$ be any limit point of $A$, then every $ϵ$-neighborhood of $x$ intersects $A$ with a point $y\ne x$, thus every $ϵ$-neighborhood of $x$ intersects $C$ with a point $y\ne x$, so $x$ is a limit point of $C$. Since $C$ is closed, $x\in C$, and $\overline{A}\subset C$.

Exercise 4. ( a ) Show that if $Q$ is a rectangle, then $Q$ equals the closure of $\text{Int}Q$.
( b ) If $D$ is a closed set, what is the relation in general between the set $D$ and the closure of $\text{Int }D$?
( c ) If $U$ is an open set, what is the relation in general between the set $U$ and the interior of $\overline{U}$?
Solution:
( a ) Since $\text{Int }Q\subseteq Q$ and $Q$ is closed, by Exercise 3 we know $\overline{\text{Int }Q}\subseteq Q$, now for any $\mathbf{q}\in Q$, if $\mathbf{q}\notin \text{Int }Q$, then $\mathbf{q}\in \text{Bd }Q$, if we denote $Q=[a_1,b_1]\times \cdots \times [a_n,b_n]$ and $\mathbf{q}=(q_1,\dots ,q_n)$, then at least one $q_i$ equals $a_i$ or b