990-23产品经理:What is project scope? Defining and outlining project success 什么是项目范围？定义和概述项目成功

Project scope is vital for successful project execution and involves understanding all of a project’s key elements. Here’s what you need to know to achieve your project goals.
项目范围对于项目的成功执行至关重要，它涉及对项目所有关键要素的理解。为了实现项目目标，您需要了解以下内容。

Clearly defining your project’s scope helps to effectively manage stakeholder expectations and ensures that all of the project’s elements are aligned with the objectives — increasing the chances of success. Here’s what you need to know about defining project scope.
明确定义项目范围有助于有效地管理干系人的期望，并确保项目的所有元素都与目标一致——增加成功的机会。关于定义项目范围，你需要知道以下几点。

Project scope definition

Project scope is a detailed outline of all aspects of a project, including all related activities, resources, timelines, and deliverables, as well as the project’s boundaries. A project scope also outlines key stakeholders, processes, assumptions, and constraints, as well as what the project is about, what is included, and what isn’t. All of this essential information is documented in a scope statement.
项目范围定义
项目范围是对项目所有方面的详细概述，包括所有相关的活动、资源、时间表和可交付成果，以及项目的边界。项目范围还概述了关键的涉众、过程、假设和限制，以及项目是关于什么的，包括什么，不包括什么。所有这些必要的信息都记录在范围说明书中。

The project scope statement 项目范围说明书

The project scope statement is a key document that provides all stakeholders with a clear understanding of why the project was initiated and defines its key goals. Most project scope statements will include these elements.
项目范围说明书是一个关键文件，它使所有利益相关者清楚地了解项目启动的原因，并确定了项目的关键目标。大多数项目范围说明书将包括这些要素。

A project statement of work (SoW), which is a detailed breakdown of all work to be performed by a project team and any important elements that may impact the outcome
Constraints that might limit or negatively impact the outcome of the project, including resources, procurement issues, timing, or lack of information
Scope exclusions, which can be anything that will not be part of the project or its deliverables
Milestones that provide the exact date that something will be delivered or completed
The final deliverables that will be provided to the customer at the end of the project — for example, a report, a software feature, any process insights or analysis, or any product or service that a customer needs
Acceptance criteria that spell out exactly how success will be measured
Final approval whereby the customer will sign-off on the scope statement confirming that all parameters have been included and the document is complete and accurate
项目工作说明书（SoW），是对项目团队要执行的所有工作以及可能影响结果的任何重要因素的详细分类
可能限制项目结果或对项目结果产生负面影响的制约因素，包括资源、采购问题、时间安排或缺乏信息
范围排除，可以是不属于项目或其可交付成果的任何东西
提供交付或完成的确切日期的里程碑
在项目结束时将提供给客户的最终交付物——例如，报告、软件功能、任何流程见解或分析，或者客户需要的任何产品或服务
准确说明如何衡量成功的验收标准
最终批准，客户将在范围说明书上签字，确认所有参数都包括在内，文件完整准确

Key steps for defining your project scope 定义项目范围的关键步骤

Properly defining the scope of a project is the key to successfully managing your project. Here are the steps you can follow to define your project scope.
正确定义项目范围是成功管理项目的关键。以下是您可以遵循的定义项目范围的步骤。

Work with key stakeholders to define and create a scope statement by identifying what is within scope, and out of scope. Collaborating with stakeholders helps to ensure essential things do not fall through the cracks.
Identify, document, and communicate assumptions. Assumptions are those elements that relate to the project that are assumed to be true for the duration of the project. Assumptions are necessary to provide an estimate of the cost and schedule to deliver the project’s scope during the planning phase of a project.
Gain buy-in for the scope statement with the stakeholders who are most impacted to ensure that everyone is on the same page.
与关键干系人合作，通过确定范围内和范围外的内容来定义和创建范围说明书。与利益相关者协作有助于确保重要的事情不会被遗漏。
确定、记录和交流假设。假设是指那些与项目有关的、在项目持续期间被假定为真实的要素。假设是必要的，以提供一个成本和时间表的估计，以交付项目的范围在项目的规划阶段。
获得受影响最大的利益相关者对范围声明的认同，以确保每个人都在同一页上。

Project scope example 项目范围示例

Let’s say you are a project manager defining the scope for a content marketing project. A very simple project scope statement might include the following.
假设你是一个项目经理，正在定义一个内容营销项目的范围。一个非常简单的项目范围说明书可能包括以下内容。

Introduction. This content marketing project is being undertaken for XYZ company for the purpose of creating an article to be posted on their site to create brand awareness.
Project Scope. This project will include research, content strategy, writing the article, and publishing it on XYZ’s website under the XYZ blog. It will also include sharing the article on social media for the month of April 2020. All activities will be conducted by Joe Smith of ABC company.
Project Deliverables. Project deliverables will include one well-researched written article of up to 1,000 words to be delivered by email to Jane@XYZ.com no later than ___ date.
Project Acceptance Criteria. Jane at XYZ company will review and approve the final article version before publishing.
Project Exclusions. This project will not include payment to external vendors for research or outsourced services.
Project Constraints. Constraints may include communication delays, changes in scope, or technical difficulties.
导言。这个内容营销项目正在为XYZ公司进行，目的是在他们的网站上发布一篇文章，以创造品牌知名度。
项目范围。这个项目将包括研究，内容策略，写文章，并在XYZ的网站下的XYZ博客发布。它还将包括在2020年4月在社交媒体上分享这篇文章。所有的活动将由ABC公司的乔·史密斯主持。
项目可交付成果。项目交付成果将包括一篇经过充分研究的不超过1,000字的书面文章，通过电子邮件发送至Jane@XYZ.com不迟于____日。
项目验收标准。简在XYZ公司将审查和批准文章的最终版本在出版前。
项目除外情况。这个项目将不包括支付给外部供应商的研究或外包服务。
项目约束。制约因素可能包括通信延迟、范围变更或技术困难。

Once the project scope statement is complete and approved, and a project is underway, the project scope will need to be carefully managed to avoid scope creep.
一旦项目范围说明书完成并得到批准，并且项目正在进行中，项目范围将需要仔细管理，以避免范围蔓延。

What is scope creep? 什么是范围蔓延？

Scope creep refers to a scenario whereby changes occur after the project has been started and the changes are not defined or anticipated within the scope statement. When scope creep occurs, it can negatively impact the project timeline, deliverable quality, resources, budget, and other aspects. Managing the scope of your project can help avoid unwelcome surprises.
范围蔓延是指在项目开始后发生变更，而这些变更在范围说明书中没有定义或预期。当范围蔓延发生时，它会对项目时间表、可交付成果质量、资源、预算和其他方面产生负面影响。管理项目的范围可以帮助避免不受欢迎的意外。

Project scope management 项目范围管理

In addition to the ongoing review and monitoring of project activities, there are steps that should be undertaken to manage the scope of the project to avoid scope creep.
除了不断审查和监测项目活动外，还应采取步骤管理项目范围，以避免范围蔓延。

Identify whether there are any changes to the requirements for your project. This is a vital step since these changes directly affect the project goals and all related activities.
Identify how the changes will impact the project. Before you can make adjustments to the scope of the project, you need to understand where and how changes impact the outcome.
Gain approval for changes before proceeding with a change in activities or direction.
Implement the approved changes in a timely manner to reduce delays and risks.
确定项目的需求是否有任何变化。这是至关重要的一步，因为这些变更直接影响项目目标和所有相关活动。
确定变更将如何影响项目。在对项目范围进行调整之前，您需要了解更改在何处以及如何影响结果。
在进行活动或方向的变更之前，获得变更的批准。
及时实施已批准的变更，以减少延误和风险。

Project scope template [Project Title] – Project Scope 项目范围模板 【项目名称】——项目范围

Introduction. The Introduction provides a high-level overview of the project.
Project Scope. State the scope of the project. This should include what the project does and does not include. This will help to clarify what is included in the project and help to avoid any confusion from project team members and stakeholders.
Project Deliverables. State the planned deliverables for the project.         
Project Acceptance Criteria. Define the acceptance criteria. What objectives will be met, and how will success be measured?
Project Exclusions. What is not included in the scope of this project.
Project Constraints. Provide any constraints on the project, hard dates, staff or equipment limitations, financial or budget constraints, or any technical limitations. 
Developing a solid understanding of a project’s purpose and clearly defining, documenting, and managing your project scope, you can ensure that you are well-positioned to deliver a successful project without having to deal with scope creep.
导言。导言提供了一个高层次的项目概述。
项目范围。说明项目的范围。这应该包括项目所包含和不包含的内容。这将有助于澄清项目中包含的内容，并有助于避免项目团队成员和干系人产生任何混淆。
项目可交付成果。说明项目计划的可交付成果。
项目验收标准。定义验收标准。将实现哪些目标，如何衡量成功？
项目除外情况。什么不包括在这个项目的范围内。
项目约束。提供项目的任何限制，硬日期，人员或设备的限制，财务或预算的限制，或任何技术的限制。
深入了解项目的目的，并清楚地定义、记录和管理项目范围，您可以确保自己处于有利的位置，交付一个成功的项目，而不必处理范围蔓延的问题。