视觉slam十四讲学习笔记-5

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已于 2022-10-24 14:52:04 修改

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分类专栏： # slam 文章标签： slam 1024程序员节

于 2022-10-17 15:05:45 首次发布

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特征点的提取和匹配

信息：位置、覆盖的大小、朝向等

通过在一个矩形中将亮度的值看做质量，然后去计算他的质心，然后通过图像中心和质心的连线就可以得出角点的方向，这样就得出了图像之间的旋转和匹配关系。

ORB 特征亦由关键点和描述子两部分组成：

BRIEF描述子：随机取多对坐标点（pi,qi），eg：如果p处的值大于q我们就记作1，否则记为0，这样多个点组成的一个1维矩阵就为BRIEF描述（通常为128对，即128*1的矩阵），这个描述是具有较好的鲁棒性的。下图就表示5种取pq点的方式（随机或者按照某种固定方式）。又因为上图中说的图像可能发生的旋转，我们就通过这个旋转对相应的旋转过后的图像的pq点也要进行类似的旋转，这样才可以保证前后两次的BRIEF基本一致。

汉明距离以美国数学家理查德·卫斯里·汉明的名字命名，表示两个相同长度字符串在相同位置上不同字符的个数。

图像金字塔：将某个图像的不同尺寸图像对应的特征求出，在图像进行缩放的时候，将缩放前后两个金字塔不同层的特征来进行匹配，从而解决缩放问题。

实践

首先将slambook_master中的ch7拷出来（也可以就在这里打开），注意这里的cmake_modules文件夹之前我还不理解，可以看这篇博客：

CMakeLists.txt使用cmake_module, list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake_modules)_awhuter的博客-CSDN博客_cmakelists.txt怎么用

然后打开代码文件夹，点击Run - edit configurations，修改Program arguments（Program arguments中是需要输入的命令行参数，即传入argv[]中的内容）和working directory后即可运行。

这里找了一个Fast特征点代码，和ORB类似：

int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
	Mat srcImage = imread(".jpg");
	Mat srcGrayImage;
	if (srcImage.channels() == 3)
	{
		cvtColor(srcImage,srcGrayImage,CV_RGB2GRAY);
	}
	else
	{
		srcImage.copyTo(srcGrayImage);
	}
	vector<KeyPoint>detectKeyPoint;
	Mat keyPointImage1,keyPointImage2;

	Ptr<FastFeatureDetector> fast = FastFeatureDetector::create();
	fast->detect(srcGrayImage,detectKeyPoint);
	drawKeypoints(srcImage,detectKeyPoint,keyPointImage1,Scalar(0,0,255),DrawMatchesFlags::DRAW_RICH_KEYPOINTS);
	drawKeypoints(srcImage,detectKeyPoint,keyPointImage2,Scalar(0,0,255),DrawMatchesFlags::DEFAULT);

	imshow("src image",srcImage);
	imshow("keyPoint image1",keyPointImage1);
	imshow("keyPoint image2",keyPointImage2);

	imwrite("F:\\opencv\\OpenCVImage\\FeatureDetectSrc1FASTKeyPointImageDefault.jpg",keyPointImage2);

	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}

2D-2D对极几何

对极约束

现在,假设我们从两张图像中,得到了一对配对好的特征点,像图 7-7 里显示的那样。如果我们有若干对这样的匹配点,就可以通过这些二维图像点的对应关系,恢复出在两帧之间摄像机的运动

下图中：O1 O2表示的是不同时刻相机的位置，p点可以理解为空间中的一个真实的像素点，相机通过两帧的拍摄，将p点投影到各自的成像平面上即为p1、p2。

我们这里将 $O_{1}$ 作为世界坐标系的原点，所以有： $P=[X,Y,Z]^{T}$ 。

由针孔相机模型归一化平面到像素坐标的转化 $Z\begin{pmatrix} u\\ v\\ 1 \end{pmatrix} =KP_{guiyi}$

得出：

$s_{1}p_{1}=KP_{g},s_{2}p_{2}=K(R_{21}P_{g}+t_{21})$

（s对应Z，p对应(u,v,1)）

我们去掉s深度信息得：

①： $p_{1}\simeq KP_{g},p_{2}\simeq K(R_{21}P_{g}+t_{21})$

设 $x_{1},x_{2}$ 是两个像素在归一化平面上的坐标，所以有：

②： $Kx_{1}=p_{1},Kx_{2}=p_{2}$

将①②联立得：

$x_{2}\simeq Rx_{1}+t$

同时叉乘t:

$t^{\wedge }x_{2}\simeq t^{\wedge }Rx_{1}$

进一步左乘：

$x_{2}^t t^{\wedge }x_{2}\simeq x_{2}^t t^{\wedge }Rx_{1}$

观察等式左侧, $t^{\wedge }x_{2}\$ 是一个与 t 和 x 2 都垂直的向量，所以左侧为0。因此,我们就得到了一个简洁的式子:

③： $x_{2}^t t^{\wedge }Rx_{1}=0$

将式②带入得：

④： $p^T_2 K^{-T}t^{\wedge }R K^{-1}p_1=0$

我们将 $E=t^{\wedge }R$ ， $F=K^{-T}t^{\wedge }R K^{-1}$ ，得：

$x_2^T E x_1=p^T_2 Fp_1=0$

这两个式子都称为对极约束,它以形式简洁著名。它的几何意义是 O 1 , P, O 2 三者共
面。对极约束中同时包含了平移和旋转。我们把中间部分记作两个矩阵:基础矩阵(Fun-
damental Matrix)F 和本质矩阵(Essential Matrix)E

相机位姿估计问题变为以下两步:

求解E：

本质矩阵 E = t ∧ R。它是一个 3 × 3 的矩阵,内有 9 个未知数。由于平移和旋转各有三个自由度，故 t ∧ R 共有六个自由度，但由于尺度等价性，故 E 实际上有五个自由度。E 具有五个自由度的事实,表明我们最少可以用五对点来求解 E。但是,E 的内在性质是一种非线性性质，在求解线性方程时会带来麻烦，因此，也可以只考虑它的尺度等价性，使用八对点来估计 E——这就是经典的八点法(Eight-point-algorithm)

上图中只给出具体怎么算，原理不作深究。

8点法求出E--->求出5点的E--->求出R、t

单目相机初始化必须要有平移。RANSAC（随机采样一致性）来处理错误匹配的像素点

单应矩阵：

若场景中的特征点都落在同一平面上(比如墙,地面等)则可以通过单应性来进行运动估计，如果再去用E去做的话就会退化。

上图中n是平面的法向量，d是相机系中原点到平面的距离

实践

其中find_feature_matches是上一个实践中的寻找匹配的特征点的内容

#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/core/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/features2d/features2d.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp>
#include <opencv2/calib3d/calib3d.hpp>
// #include "extra.h" // use this if in OpenCV2 
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;

/****************************************************
 * 本程序演示了如何使用2D-2D的特征匹配估计相机运动
 * **************************************************/

void find_feature_matches (
    const Mat& img_1, const Mat& img_2,
    std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints_1,
    std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints_2,
    std::vector< DMatch >& matches );

void pose_estimation_2d2d (
    std::vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_1,
    std::vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_2,
    std::vector< DMatch > matches,
    Mat& R, Mat& t );

// 像素坐标转相机归一化坐标
Point2d pixel2cam ( const Point2d& p, const Mat& K );

int main ( int argc, char** argv )
{
    if ( argc != 3 )
    {
        cout<<"usage: pose_estimation_2d2d img1 img2"<<endl;
        return 1;
    }
    //-- 读取图像
    Mat img_1 = imread ( argv[1], CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR );
    Mat img_2 = imread ( argv[2], CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR );

    vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_1, keypoints_2;
    vector<DMatch> matches;
    find_feature_matches ( img_1, img_2, keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches );
    cout<<"一共找到了"<<matches.size() <<"组匹配点"<<endl;

    //-- 估计两张图像间运动
    Mat R,t;
    pose_estimation_2d2d ( keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches, R, t );

    //-- 验证E=t^R*scale
    Mat t_x = ( Mat_<double> ( 3,3 ) <<
                0,                      -t.at<double> ( 2,0 ),     t.at<double> ( 1,0 ),
                t.at<double> ( 2,0 ),      0,                      -t.at<double> ( 0,0 ),
                -t.at<double> ( 1,0 ),     t.at<double> ( 0,0 ),      0 );

    cout<<"t^R="<<endl<<t_x*R<<endl;

    //-- 验证对极约束
    Mat K = ( Mat_<double> ( 3,3 ) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1 );
    for ( DMatch m: matches )
    {
        Point2d pt1 = pixel2cam ( keypoints_1[ m.queryIdx ].pt, K );
        Mat y1 = ( Mat_<double> ( 3,1 ) << pt1.x, pt1.y, 1 );
        Point2d pt2 = pixel2cam ( keypoints_2[ m.trainIdx ].pt, K );
        Mat y2 = ( Mat_<double> ( 3,1 ) << pt2.x, pt2.y, 1 );
        Mat d = y2.t() * t_x * R * y1;
        cout << "epipolar constraint = " << d << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

void find_feature_matches ( const Mat& img_1, const Mat& img_2,
                            std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints_1,
                            std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints_2,
                            std::vector< DMatch >& matches )
{
    //-- 初始化
    Mat descriptors_1, descriptors_2;
    // used in OpenCV3 
    Ptr<FeatureDetector> detector = ORB::create();
    Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptor = ORB::create();
    // use this if you are in OpenCV2 
    // Ptr<FeatureDetector> detector = FeatureDetector::create ( "ORB" );
    // Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptor = DescriptorExtractor::create ( "ORB" );
    Ptr<DescriptorMatcher> matcher  = DescriptorMatcher::create ( "BruteForce-Hamming" );
    //-- 第一步:检测 Oriented FAST 角点位置
    detector->detect ( img_1,keypoints_1 );
    detector->detect ( img_2,keypoints_2 );

    //-- 第二步:根据角点位置计算 BRIEF 描述子
    descriptor->compute ( img_1, keypoints_1, descriptors_1 );
    descriptor->compute ( img_2, keypoints_2, descriptors_2 );

    //-- 第三步:对两幅图像中的BRIEF描述子进行匹配，使用 Hamming 距离
    vector<DMatch> match;
    //BFMatcher matcher ( NORM_HAMMING );
    matcher->match ( descriptors_1, descriptors_2, match );

    //-- 第四步:匹配点对筛选
    double min_dist=10000, max_dist=0;

    //找出所有匹配之间的最小距离和最大距离, 即是最相似的和最不相似的两组点之间的距离
    for ( int i = 0; i < descriptors_1.rows; i++ )
    {
        double dist = match[i].distance;
        if ( dist < min_dist ) min_dist = dist;
        if ( dist > max_dist ) max_dist = dist;
    }

    printf ( "-- Max dist : %f \n", max_dist );
    printf ( "-- Min dist : %f \n", min_dist );

    //当描述子之间的距离大于两倍的最小距离时,即认为匹配有误.但有时候最小距离会非常小,设置一个经验值30作为下限.
    for ( int i = 0; i < descriptors_1.rows; i++ )
    {
        if ( match[i].distance <= max ( 2*min_dist, 30.0 ) )
        {
            matches.push_back ( match[i] );
        }
    }
}


Point2d pixel2cam ( const Point2d& p, const Mat& K )
{
    return Point2d
           (
               ( p.x - K.at<double> ( 0,2 ) ) / K.at<double> ( 0,0 ),
               ( p.y - K.at<double> ( 1,2 ) ) / K.at<double> ( 1,1 )
           );
}


void pose_estimation_2d2d ( std::vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_1,
                            std::vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_2,
                            std::vector< DMatch > matches,
                            Mat& R, Mat& t )
{
    // 相机内参,TUM Freiburg2
    Mat K = ( Mat_<double> ( 3,3 ) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1 );

    //-- 把匹配点转换为vector<Point2f>的形式
    vector<Point2f> points1;
    vector<Point2f> points2;

    for ( int i = 0; i < ( int ) matches.size(); i++ )
    {
        points1.push_back ( keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt );
        points2.push_back ( keypoints_2[matches[i].trainIdx].pt );
    }

    //-- 计算基础矩阵
    Mat fundamental_matrix;
    fundamental_matrix = findFundamentalMat ( points1, points2, CV_FM_8POINT );
    cout<<"fundamental_matrix is "<<endl<< fundamental_matrix<<endl;

    //-- 计算本质矩阵
    Point2d principal_point ( 325.1, 249.7 );	//相机光心, TUM dataset标定值
    double focal_length = 521;			//相机焦距, TUM dataset标定值
    Mat essential_matrix;
    essential_matrix = findEssentialMat ( points1, points2, focal_length, principal_point );
    cout<<"essential_matrix is "<<endl<< essential_matrix<<endl;

    //-- 计算单应矩阵
    Mat homography_matrix;
    homography_matrix = findHomography ( points1, points2, RANSAC, 3 );
    cout<<"homography_matrix is "<<endl<<homography_matrix<<endl;

    //-- 从本质矩阵中恢复旋转和平移信息.
    recoverPose ( essential_matrix, points1, points2, R, t, focal_length, principal_point );
    cout<<"R is "<<endl<<R<<endl;
    cout<<"t is "<<endl<<t<<endl;
    
}

3D-2D PnP

1小时50分

---------作业----------

ORB 特征点：

提取FAST关键点：

    vector<cv::KeyPoint> keypoints;     //定义存储关键点的容器，类型是KeyPoint
    cv::FAST(first_image, keypoints, 40);     //利用OpenCV内置的FAST函数，（图片、提取结果、阈值）
    cout << "keypoints: " << keypoints.size() << endl;

    //加入灰度质心角，成为orienteq FAST关键点，此时就具有旋转了不变性
    computeAngle(first_image, keypoints); //函数定义在下面给出

void computeAngle(const cv::Mat &image, vector<cv::KeyPoint> &keypoints) {
    int half_patch_size = 8;
    for (auto &kp : keypoints) {
	// START YOUR CODE HERE (~7 lines)
        kp.angle = 0; // compute kp.angle 
        // END YOUR CODE HERE
    }
    return;
}

用于存储特征匹配的结果：

    vector<cv::DMatch> matches;

ORB_pattern中记录每一行记录的是一对点相对于中心像素点的坐标。

总代码：

//
// Created by 高翔 on 2017/12/19.
// 本程序演示ORB是如何提取、计算和匹配的
//

#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

// global variables
string first_file = "/home/gzy/ROS/slam/14/ch5_homework_1_vs/1.png";
string second_file = "/home/gzy/ROS/slam/14/ch5_homework_1_vs/2.png";

const double pi = 3.1415926;    // pi


// TODO implement this function
/**
 * compute the angle for ORB descriptor
 * @param [in] image input image
 * @param [in|out] detected keypoints
 */
void computeAngle(const cv::Mat &image, vector<cv::KeyPoint> &keypoints);

// TODO implement this function
/**
 * compute ORB descriptor
 * @param [in] image the input image
 * @param [in] keypoints detected keypoints
 * @param [out] desc descriptor
 */
typedef vector<bool> DescType;  // type of descriptor, 256 bools
void computeORBDesc(const cv::Mat &image, vector<cv::KeyPoint> &keypoints, vector<DescType> &desc);

// TODO implement this function
/**
 * brute-force match two sets of descriptors
 * @param desc1 the first descriptor
 * @param desc2 the second descriptor
 * @param matches matches of two images
 */
void bfMatch(const vector<DescType> &desc1, const vector<DescType> &desc2, vector<cv::DMatch> &matches);

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

    // load image
    cv::Mat first_image = cv::imread(first_file, 0);    // load grayscale image
    cv::Mat second_image = cv::imread(second_file, 0);  // load grayscale image

    // plot the image
    cv::imshow("first image", first_image);
    cv::imshow("second image", second_image);
    cv::waitKey(0);

    // detect FAST keypoints using threshold=40
    vector<cv::KeyPoint> keypoints;     //定义存储关键点的容器，类型是KeyPoint
    cv::FAST(first_image, keypoints, 40);     //利用OpenCV内置的FAST函数，（图片、提取结果、阈值）
    cout << "keypoints: " << keypoints.size() << endl;

    // compute angle for each keypoint
    //加入灰度质心角，成为orienteq FAST关键点，此时就具有旋转不变性
    computeAngle(first_image, keypoints);
    

    // compute ORB descriptors
    vector<DescType> descriptors;
    computeORBDesc(first_image, keypoints, descriptors);  //最后存到descriptors中

    // plot the keypoints
    cv::Mat image_show;
    cv::drawKeypoints(first_image, keypoints, image_show, cv::Scalar::all(-1),
                      cv::DrawMatchesFlags::DRAW_RICH_KEYPOINTS);
    cv::imshow("features", image_show);
    cv::imwrite("feat1.png", image_show);
    cv::waitKey(0);

    // we can also match descriptors between images
    // same for the second
    vector<cv::KeyPoint> keypoints2;
    cv::FAST(second_image, keypoints2, 40);
    cout << "keypoints: " << keypoints2.size() << endl;

    // compute angle for each keypoint
    computeAngle(second_image, keypoints2);


    // compute ORB descriptors
    vector<DescType> descriptors2;
    computeORBDesc(second_image, keypoints2, descriptors2);

    // find matches
    vector<cv::DMatch> matches;
    bfMatch(descriptors, descriptors2, matches);
    cout << "matches: " << matches.size() << endl;

    // plot the matches
    cv::drawMatches(first_image, keypoints, second_image, keypoints2, matches, image_show);
    cv::imshow("matches", image_show);
    cv::imwrite("matches.png", image_show);
    cv::waitKey(0);

    cout << "done." << endl;
    return 0;
}

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //

// compute the angle
void computeAngle(const cv::Mat &image, vector<cv::KeyPoint> &keypoints) {
    int half_patch_size = 8;
    for (auto &kp : keypoints) {
	// START YOUR CODE HERE (~7 lines)
        kp.angle = 0; // compute kp.angle 
        float u=kp.pt.x;
        float v=kp.pt.y;
        float m10=0;
        float m01=0;

        //判断形成的图像块是否越界
        if(u-half_patch_size>=0 && v-half_patch_size>=0
            &&u+half_patch_size-1<=image.cols&&v+half_patch_size<=image.rows)
        {
            for (size_t i = -half_patch_size; i < half_patch_size; i++)
            {
                for (size_t j = -half_patch_size; j < half_patch_size; j++)
                {
                    m10+=(i)*image.at<uchar>(v+j,u+i);
                    m01+=(j)*image.at<uchar>(v+j,u+i);
                }    
            }
            kp.angle=atan2(m10,m01)/pi*180;
        }

        // END YOUR CODE HERE
    }
    cout<<"computeAngle done"<<endl;
    return;
}



// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
// ORB pattern

int ORB_pattern[256 * 4] = {
        8, -3, 9, 5/*mean (0), correlation (0)*/,
        4, 2, 7, -12/*mean (1.12461e-05), correlation (0.0437584)*/,
        -11, 9, -8, 2/*mean (3.37382e-05), correlation (0.0617409)*/,
        7, -12, 12, -13/*mean (5.62303e-05), correlation (0.0636977)*/,
        2, -13, 2, 12/*mean (0.000134953), correlation (0.085099)*/,
        1, -7, 1, 6/*mean (0.000528565), correlation (0.0857175)*/,
        -2, -10, -2, -4/*mean (0.0188821), correlation (0.0985774)*/,
        -13, -13, -11, -8/*mean (0.0363135), correlation (0.0899616)*/,
        -13, -3, -12, -9/*mean (0.121806), correlation (0.099849)*/,
        10, 4, 11, 9/*mean (0.122065), correlation (0.093285)*/,
        -13, -8, -8, -9/*mean (0.162787), correlation (0.0942748)*/,
        -11, 7, -9, 12/*mean (0.21561), correlation (0.0974438)*/,
        7, 7, 12, 6/*mean (0.160583), correlation (0.130064)*/,
        -4, -5, -3, 0/*mean (0.228171), correlation (0.132998)*/,
        -13, 2, -12, -3/*mean (0.00997526), correlation (0.145926)*/,
        -9, 0, -7, 5/*mean (0.198234), correlation (0.143636)*/,
        12, -6, 12, -1/*mean (0.0676226), correlation (0.16689)*/,
        -3, 6, -2, 12/*mean (0.166847), correlation (0.171682)*/,
        -6, -13, -4, -8/*mean (0.101215), correlation (0.179716)*/,
        11, -13, 12, -8/*mean (0.200641), correlation (0.192279)*/,
        4, 7, 5, 1/*mean (0.205106), correlation (0.186848)*/,
        5, -3, 10, -3/*mean (0.234908), correlation (0.192319)*/,
        3, -7, 6, 12/*mean (0.0709964), correlation (0.210872)*/,
        -8, -7, -6, -2/*mean (0.0939834), correlation (0.212589)*/,
        -2, 11, -1, -10/*mean (0.127778), correlation (0.20866)*/,
        -13, 12, -8, 10/*mean (0.14783), correlation (0.206356)*/,
        -7, 3, -5, -3/*mean (0.182141), correlation (0.198942)*/,
        -4, 2, -3, 7/*mean (0.188237), correlation (0.21384)*/,
        -10, -12, -6, 11/*mean (0.14865), correlation (0.23571)*/,
        5, -12, 6, -7/*mean (0.222312), correlation (0.23324)*/,
        5, -6, 7, -1/*mean (0.229082), correlation (0.23389)*/,
        1, 0, 4, -5/*mean (0.241577), correlation (0.215286)*/,
        9, 11, 11, -13/*mean (0.00338507), correlation (0.251373)*/,
        4, 7, 4, 12/*mean (0.131005), correlation (0.257622)*/,
        2, -1, 4, 4/*mean (0.152755), correlation (0.255205)*/,
        -4, -12, -2, 7/*mean (0.182771), correlation (0.244867)*/,
        -8, -5, -7, -10/*mean (0.186898), correlation (0.23901)*/,
        4, 11, 9, 12/*mean (0.226226), correlation (0.258255)*/,
        0, -8, 1, -13/*mean (0.0897886), correlation (0.274827)*/,
        -13, -2, -8, 2/*mean (0.148774), correlation (0.28065)*/,
        -3, -2, -2, 3/*mean (0.153048), correlation (0.283063)*/,
        -6, 9, -4, -9/*mean (0.169523), correlation (0.278248)*/,
        8, 12, 10, 7/*mean (0.225337), correlation (0.282851)*/,
        0, 9, 1, 3/*mean (0.226687), correlation (0.278734)*/,
        7, -5, 11, -10/*mean (0.00693882), correlation (0.305161)*/,
        -13, -6, -11, 0/*mean (0.0227283), correlation (0.300181)*/,
        10, 7, 12, 1/*mean (0.125517), correlation (0.31089)*/,
        -6, -3, -6, 12/*mean (0.131748), correlation (0.312779)*/,
        10, -9, 12, -4/*mean (0.144827), correlation (0.292797)*/,
        -13, 8, -8, -12/*mean (0.149202), correlation (0.308918)*/,
        -13, 0, -8, -4/*mean (0.160909), correlation (0.310013)*/,
        3, 3, 7, 8/*mean (0.177755), correlation (0.309394)*/,
        5, 7, 10, -7/*mean (0.212337), correlation (0.310315)*/,
        -1, 7, 1, -12/*mean (0.214429), correlation (0.311933)*/,
        3, -10, 5, 6/*mean (0.235807), correlation (0.313104)*/,
        2, -4, 3, -10/*mean (0.00494827), correlation (0.344948)*/,
        -13, 0, -13, 5/*mean (0.0549145), correlation (0.344675)*/,
        -13, -7, -12, 12/*mean (0.103385), correlation (0.342715)*/,
        -13, 3, -11, 8/*mean (0.134222), correlation (0.322922)*/,
        -7, 12, -4, 7/*mean (0.153284), correlation (0.337061)*/,
        6, -10, 12, 8/*mean (0.154881), correlation (0.329257)*/,
        -9, -1, -7, -6/*mean (0.200967), correlation (0.33312)*/,
        -2, -5, 0, 12/*mean (0.201518), correlation (0.340635)*/,
        -12, 5, -7, 5/*mean (0.207805), correlation (0.335631)*/,
        3, -10, 8, -13/*mean (0.224438), correlation (0.34504)*/,
        -7, -7, -4, 5/*mean (0.239361), correlation (0.338053)*/,
        -3, -2, -1, -7/*mean (0.240744), correlation (0.344322)*/,
        2, 9, 5, -11/*mean (0.242949), correlation (0.34145)*/,
        -11, -13, -5, -13/*mean (0.244028), correlation (0.336861)*/,
        -1, 6, 0, -1/*mean (0.247571), correlation (0.343684)*/,
        5, -3, 5, 2/*mean (0.000697256), correlation (0.357265)*/,
        -4, -13, -4, 12/*mean (0.00213675), correlation (0.373827)*/,
        -9, -6, -9, 6/*mean (0.0126856), correlation (0.373938)*/,
        -12, -10, -8, -4/*mean (0.0152497), correlation (0.364237)*/,
        10, 2, 12, -3/*mean (0.0299933), correlation (0.345292)*/,
        7, 12, 12, 12/*mean (0.0307242), correlation (0.366299)*/,
        -7, -13, -6, 5/*mean (0.0534975), correlation (0.368357)*/,
        -4, 9, -3, 4/*mean (0.099865), correlation (0.372276)*/,
        7, -1, 12, 2/*mean (0.117083), correlation (0.364529)*/,
        -7, 6, -5, 1/*mean (0.126125), correlation (0.369606)*/,
        -13, 11, -12, 5/*mean (0.130364), correlation (0.358502)*/,
        -3, 7, -2, -6/*mean (0.131691), correlation (0.375531)*/,
        7, -8, 12, -7/*mean (0.160166), correlation (0.379508)*/,
        -13, -7, -11, -12/*mean (0.167848), correlation (0.353343)*/,
        1, -3, 12, 12/*mean (0.183378), correlation (0.371916)*/,
        2, -6, 3, 0/*mean (0.228711), correlation (0.371761)*/,
        -4, 3, -2, -13/*mean (0.247211), correlation (0.364063)*/,
        -1, -13, 1, 9/*mean (0.249325), correlation (0.378139)*/,
        7, 1, 8, -6/*mean (0.000652272), correlation (0.411682)*/,
        1, -1, 3, 12/*mean (0.00248538), correlation (0.392988)*/,
        9, 1, 12, 6/*mean (0.0206815), correlation (0.386106)*/,
        -1, -9, -1, 3/*mean (0.0364485), correlation (0.410752)*/,
        -13, -13, -10, 5/*mean (0.0376068), correlation (0.398374)*/,
        7, 7, 10, 12/*mean (0.0424202), correlation (0.405663)*/,
        12, -5, 12, 9/*mean (0.0942645), correlation (0.410422)*/,
        6, 3, 7, 11/*mean (0.1074), correlation (0.413224)*/,
        5, -13, 6, 10/*mean (0.109256), correlation (0.408646)*/,
        2, -12, 2, 3/*mean (0.131691), correlation (0.416076)*/,
        3, 8, 4, -6/*mean (0.165081), correlation (0.417569)*/,
        2, 6, 12, -13/*mean (0.171874), correlation (0.408471)*/,
        9, -12, 10, 3/*mean (0.175146), correlation (0.41296)*/,
        -8, 4, -7, 9/*mean (0.183682), correlation (0.402956)*/,
        -11, 12, -4, -6/*mean (0.184672), correlation (0.416125)*/,
        1, 12, 2, -8/*mean (0.191487), correlation (0.386696)*/,
        6, -9, 7, -4/*mean (0.192668), correlation (0.394771)*/,
        2, 3, 3, -2/*mean (0.200157), correlation (0.408303)*/,
        6, 3, 11, 0/*mean (0.204588), correlation (0.411762)*/,
        3, -3, 8, -8/*mean (0.205904), correlation (0.416294)*/,
        7, 8, 9, 3/*mean (0.213237), correlation (0.409306)*/,
        -11, -5, -6, -4/*mean (0.243444), correlation (0.395069)*/,
        -10, 11, -5, 10/*mean (0.247672), correlation (0.413392)*/,
        -5, -8, -3, 12/*mean (0.24774), correlation (0.411416)*/,
        -10, 5, -9, 0/*mean (0.00213675), correlation (0.454003)*/,
        8, -1, 12, -6/*mean (0.0293635), correlation (0.455368)*/,
        4, -6, 6, -11/*mean (0.0404971), correlation (0.457393)*/,
        -10, 12, -8, 7/*mean (0.0481107), correlation (0.448364)*/,
        4, -2, 6, 7/*mean (0.050641), correlation (0.455019)*/,
        -2, 0, -2, 12/*mean (0.0525978), correlation (0.44338)*/,
        -5, -8, -5, 2/*mean (0.0629667), correlation (0.457096)*/,
        7, -6, 10, 12/*mean (0.0653846), correlation (0.445623)*/,
        -9, -13, -8, -8/*mean (0.0858749), correlation (0.449789)*/,
        -5, -13, -5, -2/*mean (0.122402), correlation (0.450201)*/,
        8, -8, 9, -13/*mean (0.125416), correlation (0.453224)*/,
        -9, -11, -9, 0/*mean (0.130128), correlation (0.458724)*/,
        1, -8, 1, -2/*mean (0.132467), correlation (0.440133)*/,
        7, -4, 9, 1/*mean (0.132692), correlation (0.454)*/,
        -2, 1, -1, -4/*mean (0.135695), correlation (0.455739)*/,
        11, -6, 12, -11/*mean (0.142904), correlation (0.446114)*/,
        -12, -9, -6, 4/*mean (0.146165), correlation (0.451473)*/,
        3, 7, 7, 12/*mean (0.147627), correlation (0.456643)*/,
        5, 5, 10, 8/*mean (0.152901), correlation (0.455036)*/,
        0, -4, 2, 8/*mean (0.167083), correlation (0.459315)*/,
        -9, 12, -5, -13/*mean (0.173234), correlation (0.454706)*/,
        0, 7, 2, 12/*mean (0.18312), correlation (0.433855)*/,
        -1, 2, 1, 7/*mean (0.185504), correlation (0.443838)*/,
        5, 11, 7, -9/*mean (0.185706), correlation (0.451123)*/,
        3, 5, 6, -8/*mean (0.188968), correlation (0.455808)*/,
        -13, -4, -8, 9/*mean (0.191667), correlation (0.459128)*/,
        -5, 9, -3, -3/*mean (0.193196), correlation (0.458364)*/,
        -4, -7, -3, -12/*mean (0.196536), correlation (0.455782)*/,
        6, 5, 8, 0/*mean (0.1972), correlation (0.450481)*/,
        -7, 6, -6, 12/*mean (0.199438), correlation (0.458156)*/,
        -13, 6, -5, -2/*mean (0.211224), correlation (0.449548)*/,
        1, -10, 3, 10/*mean (0.211718), correlation (0.440606)*/,
        4, 1, 8, -4/*mean (0.213034), correlation (0.443177)*/,
        -2, -2, 2, -13/*mean (0.234334), correlation (0.455304)*/,
        2, -12, 12, 12/*mean (0.235684), correlation (0.443436)*/,
        -2, -13, 0, -6/*mean (0.237674), correlation (0.452525)*/,
        4, 1, 9, 3/*mean (0.23962), correlation (0.444824)*/,
        -6, -10, -3, -5/*mean (0.248459), correlation (0.439621)*/,
        -3, -13, -1, 1/*mean (0.249505), correlation (0.456666)*/,
        7, 5, 12, -11/*mean (0.00119208), correlation (0.495466)*/,
        4, -2, 5, -7/*mean (0.00372245), correlation (0.484214)*/,
        -13, 9, -9, -5/*mean (0.00741116), correlation (0.499854)*/,
        7, 1, 8, 6/*mean (0.0208952), correlation (0.499773)*/,
        7, -8, 7, 6/*mean (0.0220085), correlation (0.501609)*/,
        -7, -4, -7, 1/*mean (0.0233806), correlation (0.496568)*/,
        -8, 11, -7, -8/*mean (0.0236505), correlation (0.489719)*/,
        -13, 6, -12, -8/*mean (0.0268781), correlation (0.503487)*/,
        2, 4, 3, 9/*mean (0.0323324), correlation (0.501938)*/,
        10, -5, 12, 3/*mean (0.0399235), correlation (0.494029)*/,
        -6, -5, -6, 7/*mean (0.0420153), correlation (0.486579)*/,
        8, -3, 9, -8/*mean (0.0548021), correlation (0.484237)*/,
        2, -12, 2, 8/*mean (0.0616622), correlation (0.496642)*/,
        -11, -2, -10, 3/*mean (0.0627755), correlation (0.498563)*/,
        -12, -13, -7, -9/*mean (0.0829622), correlation (0.495491)*/,
        -11, 0, -10, -5/*mean (0.0843342), correlation (0.487146)*/,
        5, -3, 11, 8/*mean (0.0929937), correlation (0.502315)*/,
        -2, -13, -1, 12/*mean (0.113327), correlation (0.48941)*/,
        -1, -8, 0, 9/*mean (0.132119), correlation (0.467268)*/,
        -13, -11, -12, -5/*mean (0.136269), correlation (0.498771)*/,
        -10, -2, -10, 11/*mean (0.142173), correlation (0.498714)*/,
        -3, 9, -2, -13/*mean (0.144141), correlation (0.491973)*/,
        2, -3, 3, 2/*mean (0.14892), correlation (0.500782)*/,
        -9, -13, -4, 0/*mean (0.150371), correlation (0.498211)*/,
        -4, 6, -3, -10/*mean (0.152159), correlation (0.495547)*/,
        -4, 12, -2, -7/*mean (0.156152), correlation (0.496925)*/,
        -6, -11, -4, 9/*mean (0.15749), correlation (0.499222)*/,
        6, -3, 6, 11/*mean (0.159211), correlation (0.503821)*/,
        -13, 11, -5, 5/*mean (0.162427), correlation (0.501907)*/,
        11, 11, 12, 6/*mean (0.16652), correlation (0.497632)*/,
        7, -5, 12, -2/*mean (0.169141), correlation (0.484474)*/,
        -1, 12, 0, 7/*mean (0.169456), correlation (0.495339)*/,
        -4, -8, -3, -2/*mean (0.171457), correlation (0.487251)*/,
        -7, 1, -6, 7/*mean (0.175), correlation (0.500024)*/,
        -13, -12, -8, -13/*mean (0.175866), correlation (0.497523)*/,
        -7, -2, -6, -8/*mean (0.178273), correlation (0.501854)*/,
        -8, 5, -6, -9/*mean (0.181107), correlation (0.494888)*/,
        -5, -1, -4, 5/*mean (0.190227), correlation (0.482557)*/,
        -13, 7, -8, 10/*mean (0.196739), correlation (0.496503)*/,
        1, 5, 5, -13/*mean (0.19973), correlation (0.499759)*/,
        1, 0, 10, -13/*mean (0.204465), correlation (0.49873)*/,
        9, 12, 10, -1/*mean (0.209334), correlation (0.49063)*/,
        5, -8, 10, -9/*mean (0.211134), correlation (0.503011)*/,
        -1, 11, 1, -13/*mean (0.212), correlation (0.499414)*/,
        -9, -3, -6, 2/*mean (0.212168), correlation (0.480739)*/,
        -1, -10, 1, 12/*mean (0.212731), correlation (0.502523)*/,
        -13, 1, -8, -10/*mean (0.21327), correlation (0.489786)*/,
        8, -11, 10, -6/*mean (0.214159), correlation (0.488246)*/,
        2, -13, 3, -6/*mean (0.216993), correlation (0.50287)*/,
        7, -13, 12, -9/*mean (0.223639), correlation (0.470502)*/,
        -10, -10, -5, -7/*mean (0.224089), correlation (0.500852)*/,
        -10, -8, -8, -13/*mean (0.228666), correlation (0.502629)*/,
        4, -6, 8, 5/*mean (0.22906), correlation (0.498305)*/,
        3, 12, 8, -13/*mean (0.233378), correlation (0.503825)*/,
        -4, 2, -3, -3/*mean (0.234323), correlation (0.476692)*/,
        5, -13, 10, -12/*mean (0.236392), correlation (0.475462)*/,
        4, -13, 5, -1/*mean (0.236842), correlation (0.504132)*/,
        -9, 9, -4, 3/*mean (0.236977), correlation (0.497739)*/,
        0, 3, 3, -9/*mean (0.24314), correlation (0.499398)*/,
        -12, 1, -6, 1/*mean (0.243297), correlation (0.489447)*/,
        3, 2, 4, -8/*mean (0.00155196), correlation (0.553496)*/,
        -10, -10, -10, 9/*mean (0.00239541), correlation (0.54297)*/,
        8, -13, 12, 12/*mean (0.0034413), correlation (0.544361)*/,
        -8, -12, -6, -5/*mean (0.003565), correlation (0.551225)*/,
        2, 2, 3, 7/*mean (0.00835583), correlation (0.55285)*/,
        10, 6, 11, -8/*mean (0.00885065), correlation (0.540913)*/,
        6, 8, 8, -12/*mean (0.0101552), correlation (0.551085)*/,
        -7, 10, -6, 5/*mean (0.0102227), correlation (0.533635)*/,
        -3, -9, -3, 9/*mean (0.0110211), correlation (0.543121)*/,
        -1, -13, -1, 5/*mean (0.0113473), correlation (0.550173)*/,
        -3, -7, -3, 4/*mean (0.0140913), correlation (0.554774)*/,
        -8, -2, -8, 3/*mean (0.017049), correlation (0.55461)*/,
        4, 2, 12, 12/*mean (0.01778), correlation (0.546921)*/,
        2, -5, 3, 11/*mean (0.0224022), correlation (0.549667)*/,
        6, -9, 11, -13/*mean (0.029161), correlation (0.546295)*/,
        3, -1, 7, 12/*mean (0.0303081), correlation (0.548599)*/,
        11, -1, 12, 4/*mean (0.0355151), correlation (0.523943)*/,
        -3, 0, -3, 6/*mean (0.0417904), correlation (0.543395)*/,
        4, -11, 4, 12/*mean (0.0487292), correlation (0.542818)*/,
        2, -4, 2, 1/*mean (0.0575124), correlation (0.554888)*/,
        -10, -6, -8, 1/*mean (0.0594242), correlation (0.544026)*/,
        -13, 7, -11, 1/*mean (0.0597391), correlation (0.550524)*/,
        -13, 12, -11, -13/*mean (0.0608974), correlation (0.55383)*/,
        6, 0, 11, -13/*mean (0.065126), correlation (0.552006)*/,
        0, -1, 1, 4/*mean (0.074224), correlation (0.546372)*/,
        -13, 3, -9, -2/*mean (0.0808592), correlation (0.554875)*/,
        -9, 8, -6, -3/*mean (0.0883378), correlation (0.551178)*/,
        -13, -6, -8, -2/*mean (0.0901035), correlation (0.548446)*/,
        5, -9, 8, 10/*mean (0.0949843), correlation (0.554694)*/,
        2, 7, 3, -9/*mean (0.0994152), correlation (0.550979)*/,
        -1, -6, -1, -1/*mean (0.10045), correlation (0.552714)*/,
        9, 5, 11, -2/*mean (0.100686), correlation (0.552594)*/,
        11, -3, 12, -8/*mean (0.101091), correlation (0.532394)*/,
        3, 0, 3, 5/*mean (0.101147), correlation (0.525576)*/,
        -1, 4, 0, 10/*mean (0.105263), correlation (0.531498)*/,
        3, -6, 4, 5/*mean (0.110785), correlation (0.540491)*/,
        -13, 0, -10, 5/*mean (0.112798), correlation (0.536582)*/,
        5, 8, 12, 11/*mean (0.114181), correlation (0.555793)*/,
        8, 9, 9, -6/*mean (0.117431), correlation (0.553763)*/,
        7, -4, 8, -12/*mean (0.118522), correlation (0.553452)*/,
        -10, 4, -10, 9/*mean (0.12094), correlation (0.554785)*/,
        7, 3, 12, 4/*mean (0.122582), correlation (0.555825)*/,
        9, -7, 10, -2/*mean (0.124978), correlation (0.549846)*/,
        7, 0, 12, -2/*mean (0.127002), correlation (0.537452)*/,
        -1, -6, 0, -11/*mean (0.127148), correlation (0.547401)*/
};

// compute the descriptor
//计算描述子BRIEF
void computeORBDesc(const cv::Mat &image, vector<cv::KeyPoint> &keypoints, vector<DescType> &desc) {
    for (auto &kp: keypoints) {  //取出一个特征点
        DescType d(256, false);
        for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {   //将特征点旁边的256对坐标来描述
            // START YOUR CODE HERE (~7 lines)
            d[i] = 0;  // if kp goes outside, set d.clear()
            double _sin=sin(kp.angle*pi/180);
            double _cos=cos(kp.angle*pi/180);
            cv::Point2f ORB_pattern_p(
               _cos* ORB_pattern[4*i]-_sin*ORB_pattern[4*i+1],
               _sin* ORB_pattern[4*i]+_cos*ORB_pattern[4*i+1]
            );
            cv::Point2f ORB_pattern_q(
               _cos* ORB_pattern[4*i+2]-_sin*ORB_pattern[4*i+3],
               _sin* ORB_pattern[4*i+2]+_cos*ORB_pattern[4*i+3]
            );
            cv::Point2f p=ORB_pattern_p+kp.pt;
            cv::Point2f q=ORB_pattern_q+kp.pt;
            //考虑是否越界
            if(p.x<0||p.y<0||p.y>image.cols||p.y>image.rows||
               q.x<0||q.y<0||q.y>image.cols||q.y>image.rows)
            {
                d.clear();
                break;
            }
            if(image.at<uchar>(p)>image.at<uchar>(q)){
                d[i]=0;
            }
            else{
                d[i]=1;
            }



	    // END YOUR CODE HERE
        }
        desc.push_back(d);
    }

    int bad = 0;
    for (auto &d: desc) {
        if (d.empty()) bad++;
    }
    cout << "bad/total: " << bad << "/" << desc.size() << endl;
    return;
} 

// brute-force matching
void bfMatch(const vector<DescType> &desc1, const vector<DescType> &desc2, vector<cv::DMatch> &matches) {
    int d_max = 50;  //设置一个hamming距离的上限

    // START YOUR CODE HERE (~12 lines)
    for (size_t i = 0; i < desc1.size(); i++)
    {
        if(desc1[i].empty())  continue;
        //初始化
        int index2 = -1;
        int d_min = 256;
        for (size_t j = 0; j < desc2.size(); j++)
        {
            if(desc2[j].empty()) continue;
            int hamming_distance=0;
            for (size_t k = 0; k < 256; k++)
            {
                hamming_distance+=desc1[i][k]^desc2[j][k];
            }
            if(hamming_distance<d_min&&hamming_distance<d_max){
                d_min=hamming_distance;
                index2=j;
            }

            if(d_min<d_max)
            {
                matches.push_back(cv::DMatch(i,index2,d_min));
            }
            
        }
        

    }
    


    // find matches between desc1 and desc2. 
    // END YOUR CODE HERE

    for (auto &m: matches) {
        cout << m.queryIdx << ", " << m.trainIdx << ", " << m.distance << endl;
    }
    return;
}

echo_gou

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视觉slam十四讲学习笔记-5

信息：位置、覆盖的大小、朝向等通过在一个矩形中将亮度的值看做质量，然后去计算他的质心，然后通过图像中心和质心的连线就可以得出角点的方向，这样就得出了图像之间的旋转和匹配关系。ORB 特征亦由关键点和描述子两部分组成：BRIEF描述子：随机取多对坐标点（pi,qi），eg：如果p处的值大于q我们就记作1，否则记为0，这样多个点组成的一个1维矩阵就为BRIEF描述（通常为128对，即128*1的矩阵），这个描述是具有较好的鲁棒性的。下图就表示5种取pq点的方式（随机或者按照某种固定方式）。
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