剪切应力方程
对于剪切应力张量
τ
⃗
\vec \tau
τ,其九个分量定义如下:
其中,
- κ \kappa κ -体积粘度,这种粘度对于稠密的气体和液体并不重要,在许多文献中被忽略了;
- μ \mu μ-动力粘度;
- λ \lambda λ- 膨胀粘度(dilatation term),大小为 2 3 μ \frac23\mu 32μ.
根据N-S方程,有:
∂
(
ρ
U
)
∂
t
+
∇
⋅
(
ρ
U
U
)
=
−
∇
⋅
τ
−
∇
p
+
ρ
g
\frac{\partial( \rho \mathbf U)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot {(\rho\mathbf U \mathbf U ) }=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf \tau -\nabla p+\rho \mathbf g
∂t∂(ρU)+∇⋅(ρUU)=−∇⋅τ−∇p+ρg
对于各向同性流体,形变率
D
\mathbf D
D:
则
τ
\tau
τ(RHS
的第一项的负号与剪切应力张量前面的负号相互抵消,令其变为正值):
此时,
λ
=
−
2
3
μ
\lambda=-\frac23\mu
λ=−32μ 。这里,我们令
κ
\kappa
κ=0,则:
若将压力梯度项放入剪切应力张量中,可得到柯西应力张量(Cauchy stress tensor)
σ
\sigma
σ:
可压缩流
对于可压缩流,连续性方程为:
∂
ρ
∂
t
+
∇
⋅
(
ρ
U
)
=
0
\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho \mathbf U)=0
∂t∂ρ+∇⋅(ρU)=0
拆分为:
将剪切应力
τ
\tau
τ引入,则:
τ
=
2
μ
D
−
2
3
μ
(
∇
⋅
U
)
I
=
2
μ
D
−
2
3
μ
(
−
1
ρ
[
∂
ρ
∂
t
+
U
⋅
∇
ρ
]
)
I
⏟
‘
膨
胀
粘
度
项
‘
\tau=2\mu \mathbf D-\frac23\mu(\nabla \cdot \mathbf U)\mathbf I\\[2ex] \qquad \qquad\qquad\quad=2\mu \mathbf D \underbrace{ -\frac23\mu \left(-\frac 1\rho[\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\mathbf U\cdot \nabla\rho]\right) \mathbf I }_{`膨胀粘度项`}
τ=2μD−32μ(∇⋅U)I=2μD‘膨胀粘度项‘
−32μ(−ρ1[∂t∂ρ+U⋅∇ρ])I
该项主要与体积的膨胀和压缩有关。
不可压缩流
对于不可压缩流体来讲, ρ = c o n s t a n t \rho=constant ρ=constant,膨胀粘度项可忽略。方程两边同时除以密度,有:
∂
U
∂
t
+
∇
⋅
(
U
U
)
=
∇
⋅
τ
ρ
−
∇
p
ρ
+
g
\frac{\partial \mathbf U}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot {(\mathbf U \mathbf U ) }=\nabla \cdot \frac { \tau}{ \rho}-\nabla \frac p{\rho}+ \mathbf g
∂t∂U+∇⋅(UU)=∇⋅ρτ−∇ρp+g
令
p
=
p
ρ
p=\frac p \rho
p=ρp(运动压力),
τ
=
τ
ρ
\tau=\frac{\tau}{\rho}
τ=ρτ,
∂
U
∂
t
+
∇
⋅
(
U
U
)
=
∇
⋅
τ
−
∇
p
+
g
\frac{\partial \mathbf U}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot {(\mathbf U \mathbf U ) }=\nabla\cdot {\mathbf \tau} -\nabla p+ \mathbf g
∂t∂U+∇⋅(UU)=∇⋅τ−∇p+g
此时,
τ
=
2
ν
D
\tau=2\;\nu \mathbf D
τ=2νD
其散度项
∇ ⋅ τ = ∇ ⋅ [ ν ( ∇ U + ( ∇ U ) T ) ‾ ] = ∇ ⋅ ( ν ∇ U ) + ∇ U ⋅ ∇ ν \nabla\cdot\tau=\nabla\cdot\left[\nu\underline{(\nabla\mathbf U+(\nabla\mathbf U)^T)}\right]=\nabla\cdot(\nu\nabla\mathbf U)+\nabla \mathbf U\cdot\nabla \nu ∇⋅τ=∇⋅[ν(∇U+(∇U)T)]=∇⋅(ν∇U)+∇U⋅∇ν
带下划线的项产生张量。若动力粘度为常量,则:
∇ ⋅ τ = ∇ ⋅ ( ν ∇ U ) \nabla\cdot\tau=\nabla\cdot(\nu\nabla\mathbf U) ∇⋅τ=∇⋅(ν∇U)
可通过连续性方程简化。我们得到了拉普拉斯方程(泊松):
参考:
Tobias Holzmann,Mathematics, Numerics, Derivations and OpenFOAM.