本文还有第二部分,包含方向导数与梯度,多元函数极值及其求法
文章目录
多元函数的基本概念
一、多元函数的极限
1. 二元函数的定义
设
D
D
D是平面上的一个点集,若对每个点
P
(
x
,
y
)
∈
D
P(x,y)\in D
P(x,y)∈D,变量
z
z
z按照某一对应法则f有一个确定的值与之对应,则称
z
z
z为
x
,
y
x,y
x,y的二元函数,记为
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z=f(x,y)
z=f(x,y),其中点集
D
D
D称为该函数的定义域,
x
,
y
x,y
x,y称为自变量,
z
z
z称为因变量,函数
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)的全体所构成的集合称为函数
f
f
f的值域,记为
f
(
D
)
f(D)
f(D)
通常情况下,二元函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z=f(x,y)
z=f(x,y)在几何上表示一张空间曲面
2. 二元函数的极限
设函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在区域 D D D上有定义,点 P 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) ∈ D P_0(x_0,y_0)\in D P0(x0,y0)∈D或为 D D D的边界点,如果 ∀ ξ > 0 \forall \xi>0 ∀ξ>0,存在 ξ > 0 \xi>0 ξ>0,当 P ( x , y ) ∈ D P(x,y)\in D P(x,y)∈D,且 0 < ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 < ξ 0<\sqrt{(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2}<\xi 0<(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2<ξ时,都有 ∣ f ( x , y ) − A ∣ < ξ |f(x,y)-A|<\xi ∣f(x,y)−A∣<ξ成立,则称常数 A A A为函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)当 ( x , y ) → ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x,y)\to(x_0,y_0) (x,y)→(x0,y0)时的极限,记为 lim ( x , y ) → ( x 0 , y 0 ) f ( x , y ) = A \lim_{(x,y)\to(x_0,y_0)}f(x,y)=A lim(x,y)→(x0,y0)f(x,y)=A或 lim x → x 0 y → y 0 f ( x , y ) = A \lim_{\substack{x\to x_0\\y\to y_0}}f(x,y)=A limx→x0y→y0f(x,y)=A或 lim P → P 0 f ( P ) = A \lim_{P\to P_0}f(P)=A limP→P0f(P)=A
例1:求
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
2
)
sin
x
y
x
\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,2)}\frac{\sin xy}x
lim(x,y)→(0,2)xsinxy
法1(凑
sin
a
a
\frac{\sin a}a
asina):
原式
=
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
2
)
sin
x
y
x
y
⋅
x
y
x
=
1
⋅
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
2
)
y
=
2
=\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,2)}\frac{\sin xy}{xy}\cdot\frac{xy}x=1\cdot\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,2)}y=2
=lim(x,y)→(0,2)xysinxy⋅xxy=1⋅lim(x,y)→(0,2)y=2
法2(等价无穷小):
原式
=
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
2
)
x
y
x
=
2
=\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,2)}\frac{xy}x=2
=lim(x,y)→(0,2)xxy=2
二、多元函数的连续性
1. 二元函数连续性的概念
设二元函数 f ( P ) = f ( x , y ) f(P)=f(x,y) f(P)=f(x,y)的定义域为 D D D。 P 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) P_0(x_0,y_0) P0(x0,y0)为 D D D上的点,如果 lim ( x , y ) → ( x 0 , y 0 ) f ( x , y ) = f ( x 0 , y 0 ) \lim_{(x,y)\to(x_0,y_0)}f(x,y)=f(x_0,y_0) lim(x,y)→(x0,y0)f(x,y)=f(x0,y0),那么称函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 P 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) P_0(x_0,y_0) P0(x0,y0)连续
2. 多元连续函数的性质
- 多元连续函数经过四则运算法则仍为连续函数
- 多元连续函数的复合函数仍为连续函数
- 有界性与最大最小值定理:在有界闭区域 D D D上的多元连续函数,必定在 D D D上有界,且在 D D D上能取得它的最大值与最小值
- 在有界闭区域 D D D上的多元连续函数,必能取得介于最大值与最小值之间的任何值
偏导数
一、偏导数的定义及计算方法
1. 偏导数的定义
设函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)的某一邻域内有定义,当 y y y固定在 y 0 y_0 y0,而 x x x在 x 0 x_0 x0处有增量 Δ x \Delta x Δx时,相应的函数有增量 f ( x 0 + Δ x , y 0 ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) f(x_0+\Delta x,y_0)-f(x_0,y_0) f(x0+Δx,y0)−f(x0,y0),如果 lim Δ x → 0 f ( x 0 + Δ x , y 0 ) − f ( x 0 , y 0 ) Δ x \lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x,y_0)-f(x_0,y_0)}{\Delta x} limΔx→0Δxf(x0+Δx,y0)−f(x0,y0)存在,那么称此极限为函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)处对 x x x的偏导数,记作 ∂ z ∂ x ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\Big|_{\substack{x=x_0\\y=y_0}} ∂x∂z∣ ∣x=x0y=y0, ∂ f ∂ x ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\Big|_{\substack{x=x_0\\y=y_0}} ∂x∂f∣ ∣x=x0y=y0, z x ∣ x = x 0 y = y 0 z_x\Big|_{\substack{x=x_0\\y=y_0}} zx∣ ∣x=x0y=y0, f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_x(x_0,y_0) fx(x0,y0)
2. 偏导函数的定义
如果函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在区域 D D D内每一点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)处对 x x x的偏导都存在,那么这个偏导数就是 x , y x,y x,y的函数,它就称为函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)对自变量 x x x的偏导函数,记作 ∂ z ∂ x \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} ∂x∂z, ∂ f ∂ x \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} ∂x∂f, z x z_x zx, f x ( x , y ) f_x(x,y) fx(x,y),类似的,可以定义函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)对自变量 y y y的偏导函数,记作 ∂ z ∂ y \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} ∂y∂z, ∂ f ∂ y \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} ∂y∂f, z y z_y zy, f y ( x , y ) f_y(x,y) fy(x,y)
例1:求
z
=
x
2
+
3
x
y
+
y
2
z=x^2+3xy+y^2
z=x2+3xy+y2在点
(
1
,
2
)
(1,2)
(1,2)处的偏导数
∂
z
∂
x
=
2
x
+
3
y
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=2x+3y
∂x∂z=2x+3y
∂
z
∂
y
=
3
x
+
2
y
\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=3x+2y
∂y∂z=3x+2y
代入
x
=
1
,
y
=
2
x=1,y=2
x=1,y=2得
∂
z
∂
x
∣
x
=
1
y
=
2
=
8
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\Big|_{\substack{x=1\\y=2}}=8
∂x∂z∣
∣x=1y=2=8
∂
z
∂
y
∣
x
=
1
y
=
2
=
7
\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\Big|_{\substack{x=1\\y=2}}=7
∂y∂z∣
∣x=1y=2=7
二、高阶偏导数
1. 高阶偏导数的定义
设函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z=f(x,y)
z=f(x,y)在区域
D
D
D内具有偏导数
∂
z
∂
x
=
f
x
(
x
,
y
)
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=f_x(x,y)
∂x∂z=fx(x,y),
∂
z
∂
y
=
f
y
(
x
,
y
)
\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=f_y(x,y)
∂y∂z=fy(x,y),于是在
D
D
D内
f
x
(
x
,
y
)
f_x(x,y)
fx(x,y),
f
y
(
x
,
y
)
f_y(x,y)
fy(x,y)都是
x
,
y
x,y
x,y的函数,如果这两个函数的偏导数也存在,那么称它们是函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z=f(x,y)
z=f(x,y)的二阶偏导数,按照对变量求导次序的不同于下列四个二阶偏导数
∂
z
∂
x
(
∂
z
∂
x
)
=
∂
2
z
∂
x
2
=
f
x
x
(
x
,
y
)
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x})=\frac{\partial^2z}{\partial x^2}=f_{xx}(x,y)\end{aligned}
∂x∂z(∂x∂z)=∂x2∂2z=fxx(x,y)
∂
z
∂
y
(
∂
z
∂
x
)
=
∂
2
z
∂
x
∂
y
=
f
x
y
(
x
,
y
)
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x})=\frac{\partial^2z}{\partial x\partial y}=f_{xy}(x,y)\end{aligned}
∂y∂z(∂x∂z)=∂x∂y∂2z=fxy(x,y)
∂
z
∂
x
(
∂
z
∂
y
)
=
∂
2
z
∂
y
∂
x
=
f
y
x
(
x
,
y
)
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y})=\frac{\partial^2z}{\partial y\partial x}=f_{yx}(x,y)\end{aligned}
∂x∂z(∂y∂z)=∂y∂x∂2z=fyx(x,y)
∂
z
∂
y
(
∂
z
∂
y
)
=
∂
2
z
∂
y
2
=
f
y
y
(
x
,
y
)
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y})=\frac{\partial^2z}{\partial y^2}=f_{yy}(x,y)\end{aligned}
∂y∂z(∂y∂z)=∂y2∂2z=fyy(x,y)
其中第二、三这两个偏导数称为混合偏导数,同样可得三阶、四阶……以及
n
n
n阶偏导数,二阶及二阶以上的偏导数统称为高阶偏导数
例2:证明函数
u
=
1
r
u=\frac1r
u=r1满足方程
∂
u
∂
x
2
+
∂
u
∂
y
2
+
∂
u
∂
z
2
=
0
\frac{\partial^u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^u}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^u}{\partial z^2}=0
∂x2∂u+∂y2∂u+∂z2∂u=0其中
r
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}
r=x2+y2+z2
∂
u
∂
x
=
∂
u
∂
r
∂
r
∂
x
=
−
1
r
2
2
x
2
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
=
−
x
1
r
3
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}=-\frac1{r^2}\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}=-x\frac1{r^3}\end{aligned}
∂x∂u=∂r∂u∂x∂r=−r212x2+y2+z22x=−xr31
∂
u
∂
x
2
=
−
[
1
r
3
+
x
⋅
(
−
3
)
r
−
4
⋅
∂
r
∂
x
]
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
x
2
r
5
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial^u}{\partial x^2}=-[\frac1{r^3}+x\cdot(-3)r^{-4}\cdot\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}]=-\frac1{r^3}+3\frac{x^2}{r^5}\end{aligned}
∂x2∂u=−[r31+x⋅(−3)r−4⋅∂x∂r]=−r31+3r5x2
由变量对称性得
∂
u
∂
y
2
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
y
2
r
5
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial^u}{\partial y^2}=-\frac1{r^3}+3\frac{y^2}{r^5}\end{aligned}
∂y2∂u=−r31+3r5y2
∂
u
∂
z
2
=
−
1
r
3
+
3
z
2
r
5
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial^u}{\partial z^2}=-\frac1{r^3}+3\frac{z^2}{r^5}\end{aligned}
∂z2∂u=−r31+3r5z2
则
∂
u
∂
x
2
+
∂
u
∂
y
2
+
∂
u
∂
z
2
=
−
3
r
3
+
3
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
r
5
=
0
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial^u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^u}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^u}{\partial z^2}=-\frac3{r^3}+3\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{r^5}=0\end{aligned}
∂x2∂u+∂y2∂u+∂z2∂u=−r33+3r5x2+y2+z2=0
证毕
全微分
一、全微分的定义
设函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)的某邻域内有定义,如果函数在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)的全增量 Δ z = f ( x + Δ x , y + Δ y ) − f ( x , y ) \Delta z=f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y) Δz=f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y)可以表示为 Δ z = A Δ x + B Δ y + o ( ρ ) \Delta z=A\Delta x+B\Delta y+o(\rho) Δz=AΔx+BΔy+o(ρ),其中 A A A和 B B B是不依赖于 Δ x \Delta x Δx和 Δ y \Delta y Δy而仅与 x x x和 y y y有关( A = ∂ z ∂ x , B = ∂ z ∂ y A=\frac{\partial z}{\partial x},B=\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} A=∂x∂z,B=∂y∂z), ρ = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 \rho=\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2} ρ=(Δx)2+(Δy)2,那么称函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)可微分,而 A Δ x + B Δ y A\Delta x+B\Delta y AΔx+BΔy称为函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)的全微分,记作 d z dz dz,即 d z = A Δ x + B Δ y dz=A\Delta x+B\Delta y dz=AΔx+BΔy
二、全微分存在的必要条件
如果函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)可微分,那么该函数在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)的偏导数 ∂ z ∂ x \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} ∂x∂z与 ∂ z ∂ y \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} ∂y∂z必定存在,且函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)的全微分为 d z = ∂ z ∂ x Δ x + ∂ z ∂ y Δ y dz=\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\Delta x+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\Delta y dz=∂x∂zΔx+∂y∂zΔy
证明:
∵
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
\because z=f(x,y)
∵z=f(x,y)在
(
x
,
y
)
(x,y)
(x,y)处可微分
故
Δ
z
=
A
Δ
x
+
B
Δ
y
+
o
(
ρ
)
\Delta z=A\Delta x+B\Delta y+o(\rho)
Δz=AΔx+BΔy+o(ρ)成立
令
Δ
y
=
0
\Delta y=0
Δy=0时,
ρ
=
(
Δ
x
)
2
+
(
Δ
y
)
2
=
∣
Δ
x
∣
\rho=\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2}=|\Delta x|
ρ=(Δx)2+(Δy)2=∣Δx∣
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
A
Δ
x
+
o
(
∣
Δ
x
∣
)
f(x+\Delta x,y)-f(x,y)=A\Delta x+o(|\Delta x|)
f(x+Δx,y)−f(x,y)=AΔx+o(∣Δx∣)
两边同除
Δ
x
\Delta x
Δx, 得
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
Δ
x
=
A
+
lim
Δ
x
→
0
o
(
∣
Δ
x
∣
)
Δ
x
=
A
\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x,y)-f(x,y)}{\Delta x}=A+\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{o(|\Delta x|)}{\Delta x}=A
limΔx→0Δxf(x+Δx,y)−f(x,y)=A+limΔx→0Δxo(∣Δx∣)=A
故
∂
z
∂
x
=
A
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=A
∂x∂z=A
同理令
Δ
x
=
0
\Delta x=0
Δx=0
得
∂
z
∂
y
=
B
\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=B
∂y∂z=B
区别:一元函数在某点的导数存在是微分存在的充分必要条件,但对于多元函数而言,歌偏导数存在是全微分存在的必要条件而不是充分条件
一元函数
二元函数
二元函数的图形往往是个曲面,对应的定义域是个二维平面。偏导数只是曲面上沿着x轴或者y轴方向的变化率,而微分必须是曲面上某一个很小的“小平面代曲面”
这里就有了问题,存在偏导数,说明沿着x轴方向和y轴方向可以带,但是斜着的方向不一定,斜方向可能一下就是个无穷大无穷小,这样就不能小平面近似了
作者:xynnn
链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/485892011/answer/2114265340
∂ x \partial x ∂x与 d x dx dx其实是同一个东西,可以约掉变成 d z = ∂ z + ∂ z dz=\partial z+\partial z dz=∂z+∂z。但是这明显不对,两个∂z其实是有区别的,第一个是沿着 x x x方向 z z z的变化,一个是沿着 y y y方向 z z z的变化,不妨区分一下写成 d z = ∂ x z + ∂ y z dz=\partial_xz+\partial_yz dz=∂xz+∂yz。
这告诉我们由于 x , y x,y x,y的变化,造成的 z z z的变化可以分解成两个部分相加,由 x x x变化造成的 ∂ x z \partial_xz ∂xz,由 y y y变化造成的 ∂ y z \partial_yz ∂yz。就像在矢量分解一样。设长方形 O B P A OBPA OBPA, O P = d r = ( d x , d y ) OP=dr=(dx,dy) OP=dr=(dx,dy)。如果记 P P P点与 O O O点 z z z值的差为 z ( O P ) z(OP) z(OP)那么, z ( O P ) = z ( O A ) + z ( O B ) z(OP)=z(OA)+z(OB) z(OP)=z(OA)+z(OB)。
作者:unidentified2015
链接:https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv1249183
例1:证明
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
{
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
,
x
2
+
y
2
≠
0
0
,
x
2
+
y
2
=
0
f(x,y)=\begin{cases}\frac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}},x^2+y^2\ne0\\0,x^2+y^2=0\end{cases}
f(x,y)={x2+y2xy,x2+y2=00,x2+y2=0在
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)处偏导数存在但不可微
f
x
′
(
0
,
0
)
=
lim
x
→
0
f
(
x
,
0
)
−
f
(
0
,
0
)
x
−
0
=
lim
x
→
0
0
−
0
x
−
0
=
0
f'_x(0,0)=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{f(x,0)-f(0,0)}{x-0}=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{0-0}{x-0}=0
fx′(0,0)=limx→0x−0f(x,0)−f(0,0)=limx→0x−00−0=0
故
f
x
′
(
0
,
0
)
=
0
f'_x(0,0)=0
fx′(0,0)=0存在
由变量对称性得,
f
y
′
(
0
,
0
)
=
0
f'_y(0,0)=0
fy′(0,0)=0存在
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
→
0
(
Δ
z
−
f
x
′
(
0
,
0
)
Δ
x
−
f
y
′
(
0
,
0
)
Δ
y
)
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
→
0
Δ
x
Δ
y
(
Δ
x
)
2
+
(
Δ
y
)
2
\begin{aligned}\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y\to0}}(\Delta z-f'_x(0,0)\Delta x-f'_y(0,0)\Delta y)=\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y\to0}}\frac{\Delta x\Delta y}{\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2}}\end{aligned}
Δx→0Δy→0lim(Δz−fx′(0,0)Δx−fy′(0,0)Δy)=Δx→0Δy→0lim(Δx)2+(Δy)2ΔxΔy
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
→
0
=
Δ
x
Δ
y
(
Δ
x
)
2
+
(
Δ
y
)
2
ρ
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
→
0
Δ
x
Δ
y
(
Δ
x
)
2
+
(
Δ
y
)
2
=
令
Δ
y
=
k
Δ
x
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
=
k
Δ
x
→
0
k
(
Δ
x
)
2
(
Δ
x
)
2
+
k
2
(
Δ
x
)
2
≢
0
\begin{aligned}\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y\to0}}&=\frac{\frac{\Delta x\Delta y}{\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2}}}\rho\\&=\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y\to0}}\frac{\Delta x\Delta y}{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2}\\&\overset{\text{令}\Delta y=k\Delta x}{=}\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y=k\Delta x\to0}}\frac{k(\Delta x)^2}{(\Delta x)^2+k^2(\Delta x)^2}\not\equiv 0\end{aligned}
Δx→0Δy→0lim=ρ(Δx)2+(Δy)2ΔxΔy=Δx→0Δy→0lim(Δx)2+(Δy)2ΔxΔy=令Δy=kΔxΔx→0Δy=kΔx→0lim(Δx)2+k2(Δx)2k(Δx)2≡0
三、全微分存在的充分条件
如果函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)的偏导数 ∂ z ∂ x , ∂ z ∂ x \frac{\partial z}{\partial x},\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} ∂x∂z,∂x∂z在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)连续,那么函数在该点可微分
证明:
Δ
z
=
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
[
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
]
+
[
f
(
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
]
\begin{aligned}\Delta z&=f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y)\\&=[f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y+\Delta y)]+[f(x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y)]\end{aligned}
Δz=f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y)=[f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y+Δy)]+[f(x,y+Δy)−f(x,y)]
[
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
]
=
拉格朗日中值定理
f
x
′
(
x
+
θ
1
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
⏟
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
+
ξ
1
Δ
x
(
0
<
θ
1
<
1
)
[f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y+\Delta y)]\overset{\text{拉格朗日中值定理}}{=}\underbrace{f'_x(x+\theta_1\Delta x,y+\Delta y)}_{f'_x(x,y)+\xi_1}\Delta x\quad(0<\theta_1<1)
[f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y+Δy)]=拉格朗日中值定理fx′(x,y)+ξ1
fx′(x+θ1Δx,y+Δy)Δx(0<θ1<1)
此处用到了拉格朗日中值定理带有 θ \theta θ的形式即
f ( b ) − f ( a ) = f ′ ( ξ ) ( b − a ) = f ′ [ a + θ ( b − a ) ] ( b − a ) ( 0 < θ < 1 ) f(b)-f(a)=f'(\xi)(b-a)=f'[a+\theta(b-a)](b-a)\quad(0<\theta<1) f(b)−f(a)=f′(ξ)(b−a)=f′[a+θ(b−a)](b−a)(0<θ<1)
设
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
f'_x(x,y)
fx′(x,y)在点
(
x
,
y
)
(x,y)
(x,y)连续
则
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
=
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
Δ
x
+
ξ
1
Δ
x
(
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
→
0
ξ
1
=
0
)
f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y+\Delta y)=f'_x(x,y)\Delta x+\xi_1\Delta x\quad(\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y\to0}}\xi_1=0)
f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y+Δy)=fx′(x,y)Δx+ξ1Δx(limΔx→0Δy→0ξ1=0)
同理得
f
(
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
f
y
′
(
x
,
y
)
Δ
y
+
ξ
2
Δ
y
(
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
→
0
ξ
2
=
0
)
f(x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y)=f'_y(x,y)\Delta y+\xi_2\Delta y\quad(\lim_{\substack{\Delta x\to0\\\Delta y\to0}}\xi_2=0)
f(x,y+Δy)−f(x,y)=fy′(x,y)Δy+ξ2Δy(limΔx→0Δy→0ξ2=0)
故
Δ
z
=
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
Δ
x
+
f
y
′
(
x
,
y
)
Δ
y
+
ξ
1
Δ
x
+
ξ
2
Δ
y
\Delta z=f'_x(x,y)\Delta x+f'_y(x,y)\Delta y+\xi_1\Delta x+\xi_2\Delta y
Δz=fx′(x,y)Δx+fy′(x,y)Δy+ξ1Δx+ξ2Δy
当
Δ
x
→
0
,
Δ
y
→
0
\Delta x\to0,\Delta y\to0
Δx→0,Δy→0时
0
≤
∣
ξ
,
Δ
x
+
ξ
2
Δ
y
ρ
∣
≤
∣
ξ
1
Δ
x
ρ
∣
+
∣
ξ
2
Δ
y
ρ
∣
0\leq\Big|\frac{\xi_,\Delta x+\xi_2\Delta y}\rho\Big|\leq|\xi_1\frac{\Delta x}\rho|+|\xi_2\frac{\Delta y}\rho|
0≤∣
∣ρξ,Δx+ξ2Δy∣
∣≤∣ξ1ρΔx∣+∣ξ2ρΔy∣
对于
Δ
x
ρ
=
Δ
x
(
Δ
x
)
2
+
(
Δ
y
)
2
≤
1
\frac{\Delta x}\rho=\frac{\Delta x}{\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2}}\leq1
ρΔx=(Δx)2+(Δy)2Δx≤1
因此
∣
ξ
1
Δ
x
ρ
∣
+
∣
ξ
2
Δ
y
ρ
∣
≤
∣
ξ
1
∣
+
∣
ξ
2
∣
→
0
|\xi_1\frac{\Delta x}\rho|+|\xi_2\frac{\Delta y}\rho|\leq|\xi_1|+|\xi_2|\to0
∣ξ1ρΔx∣+∣ξ2ρΔy∣≤∣ξ1∣+∣ξ2∣→0
故
ξ
1
Δ
x
+
ξ
2
Δ
y
=
o
(
ρ
)
\xi_1\Delta x+\xi_2\Delta y=o(\rho)
ξ1Δx+ξ2Δy=o(ρ)
故可微分
例2:计算函数
u
=
x
+
sin
y
2
+
e
y
z
u=x+\sin\frac y2+e^{yz}
u=x+sin2y+eyz的全微分
∂
u
∂
x
=
1
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=1
∂x∂u=1
∂
u
∂
y
=
1
2
cos
y
2
+
z
e
y
z
\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=\frac12\cos \frac y2+ze^{yz}
∂y∂u=21cos2y+zeyz
∂
u
∂
z
=
y
e
y
z
\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}=ye^{yz}
∂z∂u=yeyz
故全微分
d
u
=
d
x
+
(
1
2
cos
y
2
+
z
e
y
z
)
d
y
+
y
e
y
z
d
z
du=dx+(\frac12\cos \frac y2+ze^{yz})dy+ye^{yz}dz
du=dx+(21cos2y+zeyz)dy+yeyzdz
多元复合函数求导法则
一、一元函数与多元函数复合
如果函数 u = u ( t ) u=u(t) u=u(t)及 v = v ( t ) v=v(t) v=v(t)都在点 t t t可导,函数 z = f ( u , v ) z=f(u,v) z=f(u,v)在对应点 ( u , v ) (u,v) (u,v)具有连续偏导数,那么复合函数 z = f [ u ( t ) , v ( t ) ] z=f[u(t),v(t)] z=f[u(t),v(t)]在点 t t t可导,且有 d z d t = ∂ z ∂ u d u d t + ∂ z ∂ v d v d t \begin{aligned}\frac{dz}{dt}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{du}{dt}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{dv}{dt}\end{aligned} dtdz=∂u∂zdtdu+∂v∂zdtdv
建议画图,方便理解 z { u → t v → t z\begin{cases}u\to t\\v\to t\end{cases} z{u→tv→t
二、多元函数与多元函数复合
如果函数 u = u ( x , y ) u=u(x,y) u=u(x,y)及 v = v ( x , y ) v=v(x,y) v=v(x,y)都在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)具有对 x x x及对 y y y的偏导数,函数 z = f ( u , v ) z=f(u,v) z=f(u,v)在对应点 ( u , v ) (u,v) (u,v)具有连续偏导数,那么复合函数 z = f [ u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) ] z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)] z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)]在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)的两个偏导数都存在,且有 d z d x = ∂ z ∂ u ∂ u ∂ x + ∂ z ∂ v ∂ v ∂ x , d z d y = ∂ z ∂ u ∂ u ∂ y + ∂ z ∂ v ∂ v ∂ y \begin{aligned}\frac{dz}{dx}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x},\frac{dz}{dy}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\end{aligned} dxdz=∂u∂z∂x∂u+∂v∂z∂x∂v,dydz=∂u∂z∂y∂u+∂v∂z∂y∂v
建议画图,方便理解 z { u { x y v { x y z\begin{cases}u\begin{cases}x\\y\end{cases}\\v\begin{cases}x\\y\end{cases}\end{cases} z⎩ ⎨ ⎧u{xyv{xy
例1:设
u
=
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
e
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
u=f(x,y,z)=e^{x^2+y^2+z^2}
u=f(x,y,z)=ex2+y2+z2,而
z
=
x
2
sin
y
z=x^2\sin y
z=x2siny,求
∂
u
∂
x
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}
∂x∂u和
∂
u
∂
y
\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}
∂y∂u
u
=
f
{
x
y
z
{
x
y
u=f\begin{cases}x\\y\\z\begin{cases}x\\y\end{cases}\end{cases}
u=f⎩
⎨
⎧xyz{xy
∂
u
∂
x
=
∂
f
∂
x
+
∂
f
∂
z
∂
z
∂
x
=
e
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
⋅
2
x
+
e
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
⋅
2
z
⋅
2
x
sin
y
=
2
x
e
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
(
1
+
2
x
2
sin
2
y
)
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}&=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\\&=e^{x^2+y^2+z^2}\cdot2x+e^{x^2+y^2+z^2}\cdot2z\cdot2x\sin y\\&=2xe^{x^2+y^2+z^2}(1+2x^2\sin^2y)\end{aligned}
∂x∂u=∂x∂f+∂z∂f∂x∂z=ex2+y2+z2⋅2x+ex2+y2+z2⋅2z⋅2xsiny=2xex2+y2+z2(1+2x2sin2y)
同理不再展示计算过程
∂
u
∂
y
=
2
e
x
2
+
y
2
+
x
4
sin
2
y
(
y
+
x
4
sin
y
cos
y
)
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=2e^{x^2+y^2+x^4\sin^2y}(y+x^4\sin y\cos y)\end{aligned}
∂y∂u=2ex2+y2+x4sin2y(y+x4sinycosy)
例2:设
w
=
f
(
x
+
y
+
z
,
x
y
z
)
w=f(x+y+z,xyz)
w=f(x+y+z,xyz),
f
f
f具有二阶连续偏导数,求
∂
w
∂
x
和
∂
2
w
∂
x
∂
z
\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}和\frac{\partial^2w}{\partial x\partial z}
∂x∂w和∂x∂z∂2w
令
u
=
x
+
y
+
z
,
v
=
x
y
z
u=x+y+z,v=xyz
u=x+y+z,v=xyz
f
{
u
{
x
y
z
v
{
x
y
z
f\begin{cases}u\begin{cases}x\\y\\z\end{cases}\\v\begin{cases}x\\y\\z\end{cases}\end{cases}
f⎩
⎨
⎧u⎩
⎨
⎧xyzv⎩
⎨
⎧xyz
则
∂
w
∂
x
=
∂
f
∂
u
∂
u
∂
x
+
∂
f
∂
v
∂
v
∂
x
=
∂
f
∂
u
+
y
z
∂
f
∂
v
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial u}+yz\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}\end{aligned}
∂x∂w=∂u∂f∂x∂u+∂v∂f∂x∂v=∂u∂f+yz∂v∂f
∂
w
∂
x
{
u
{
x
y
z
v
{
x
y
z
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\end{aligned}\begin{cases}u\begin{cases}x\\y\\z\end{cases}\\v\begin{cases}x\\y\\z\end{cases}\end{cases}
∂x∂w⎩
⎨
⎧u⎩
⎨
⎧xyzv⎩
⎨
⎧xyz
原函数的偏导数也是关于
u
,
v
u,v
u,v的函数
∂
2
w
∂
x
∂
z
=
∂
2
f
∂
u
2
∂
u
∂
z
+
∂
2
f
∂
u
∂
v
∂
v
∂
z
+
y
∂
f
∂
v
+
y
z
(
∂
2
f
∂
v
∂
u
∂
u
∂
z
+
∂
2
f
∂
v
2
∂
v
∂
z
)
=
∂
2
f
∂
u
2
+
x
y
∂
2
f
∂
u
∂
v
+
y
∂
f
∂
v
+
y
z
(
∂
2
f
∂
v
∂
u
+
x
y
∂
2
f
∂
v
2
)
注意因为混合导数求导顺序不同,结果相同,所以
∂
2
f
∂
x
∂
z
,
∂
2
f
∂
z
∂
x
要合并起来
=
y
∂
f
∂
v
+
∂
2
f
∂
u
2
+
x
y
2
z
∂
2
f
∂
v
2
+
(
x
y
+
y
z
)
∂
2
f
∂
u
∂
v
\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial^2w}{\partial x\partial z}&=\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial u^2}\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial u\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}+y\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}+yz(\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial v\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial v^2}\frac{\partial v}{\partial z})\\&=\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial u^2}+xy\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial u\partial v}+y\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}+yz(\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial v\partial u}+xy\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial v^2})\\&\text{注意因为混合导数求导顺序不同,结果相同,所以}\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial x\partial z},\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial z\partial x}\text{要合并起来}\\&=y\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}+\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial u^2}+xy^2z\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial v^2}+(xy+yz)\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial u\partial v}\end{aligned}
∂x∂z∂2w=∂u2∂2f∂z∂u+∂u∂v∂2f∂z∂v+y∂v∂f+yz(∂v∂u∂2f∂z∂u+∂v2∂2f∂z∂v)=∂u2∂2f+xy∂u∂v∂2f+y∂v∂f+yz(∂v∂u∂2f+xy∂v2∂2f)注意因为混合导数求导顺序不同,结果相同,所以∂x∂z∂2f,∂z∂x∂2f要合并起来=y∂v∂f+∂u2∂2f+xy2z∂v2∂2f+(xy+yz)∂u∂v∂2f
也可以用
f
1
′
f'_1
f1′表示
∂
f
∂
u
\frac{\partial f}{\partial u}
∂u∂f,用
f
2
′
f'_2
f2′表示
∂
f
∂
v
\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}
∂v∂f
过程相同,结果为
f
11
′
′
+
(
x
y
+
y
z
)
f
12
′
′
+
y
f
2
′
+
x
y
2
z
f
22
′
′
f''_{11}+(xy+yz)f''_{12}+yf'_2+xy^2zf''_{22}
f11′′+(xy+yz)f12′′+yf2′+xy2zf22′′
隐函数求导公式
隐函数存在定理1:设函数 F ( x , y ) F(x,y) F(x,y)在点 P ( x 0 , y 0 ) P(x_0,y_0) P(x0,y0)的某一邻域内具有连续偏导数,且 F ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 , F y ′ ( x 0 , y 0 ) ≠ 0 F(x_0,y_0)=0,F'_y(x_0,y_0)\ne0 F(x0,y0)=0,Fy′(x0,y0)=0,则方程 F ( x , y ) = 0 F(x,y)=0 F(x,y)=0在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)的某一邻域内恒能唯一确定一个连续且具有连续导数的函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x),它满足条件 y 0 = f ( x 0 ) y_0=f(x_0) y0=f(x0),并有 d y d x = − F x ′ F y ′ \frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{F_x'}{F_y'} dxdy=−Fy′Fx′。该公式即为隐函数求导公式
例1:验证方程
x
2
+
y
2
−
1
=
0
x^2+y^2-1=0
x2+y2−1=0在点
(
0
,
1
)
(0,1)
(0,1)的某一邻域内唯一确定一个有连续导数,当
x
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0
,
y
=
1
x=0,y=1
x=0,y=1时的隐函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x),并求着函数的一阶及二阶导数在
x
=
0
x=0
x=0的值
d
y
d
x
=
−
F
x
′
F
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x
y
\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{F'_x}{F'_y}=-\frac xy
dxdy=−Fy′Fx′=−yx
d
y
d
x
∣
x
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0
=
0
\frac{dy}{dx}\Big|_{x=0}=0
dxdy∣
∣x=0=0
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2
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y
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x
d
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d
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2
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\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=-\frac{y-x\frac{dy}{dx}}{y^2}=-\frac{y^2+x^2}{x^2}=-\frac1{y^3}
dx2d2y=−y2y−xdxdy=−x2y2+x2=−y31
d
2
y
d
x
2
∣
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=
0
=
−
1
\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\Big|_{x=0}=-1
dx2d2y∣
∣x=0=−1
隐函数存在定理2:设函数 F ( x , y , z ) F(x,y,z) F(x,y,z)在点 P ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) P(x_0,y_0,z_0) P(x0,y0,z0)的某一邻域内具有连续偏导数,且 F ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = 0 , F z ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ≠ 0 F(x_0,y_0,z_0)=0,F'_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)\ne0 F(x0,y0,z0)=0,Fz′(x0,y0,z0)=0,则方程 F ( x , y , z ) = 0 在点 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F(x,y,z)=0在点(x_0,y_0,z_0) F(x,y,z)=0在点(x0,y0,z0)的某一邻域内恒能唯一确定一个连续且具有连续偏导数的函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y),它满足条件 z 0 = f ( x 0 , y 0 ) z_0=f(x_0,y_0) z0=f(x0,y0),并有 ∂ z ∂ x = − F x ′ F z ′ , ∂ z ∂ y = − F y ′ F z ′ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=-\frac{F'_x}{F'_z},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=-\frac{F'_y}{F'_z} ∂x∂z=−Fz′Fx′,∂y∂z=−Fz′Fy′
多元函数微分学的几何应用
一、空间曲线的切线与法平面
设空间曲线 Γ \Gamma Γ的参数方程为 { x = x ( t ) y = y ( t ) z = z ( t ) t ∈ [ α , β ] \begin{cases}x=x(t)\\y=y(t)\\z=z(t)\end{cases}\quad t\in[\alpha,\beta] ⎩ ⎨ ⎧x=x(t)y=y(t)z=z(t)t∈[α,β],且 x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) x(t),y(t),z(t) x(t),y(t),z(t)在 [ α , β ] [\alpha,\beta] [α,β]上均可导,且导数不同时为 0 0 0,则曲线 Γ \Gamma Γ在点 M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0)处的切线方程为 x − x 0 x ′ ( t 0 ) = y − y 0 y ′ ( t 0 ) = z − z 0 z ′ ( t 0 ) \begin{aligned}\frac{x-x_0}{x'(t_0)}=\frac{y-y_0}{y'(t_0)}=\frac{z-z_0}{z'(t_0)}\end{aligned} x′(t0)x−x0=y′(t0)y−y0=z′(t0)z−z0,法平面方程为 x ′ ( t 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + y ′ ( t 0 ) ( y − y 0 ) + z ′ ( t 0 ) ( z − z 0 ) = 0 x'(t_0)(x-x_0)+y'(t_0)(y-y_0)+z'(t_0)(z-z_0)=0 x′(t0)(x−x0)+y′(t0)(y−y0)+z′(t0)(z−z0)=0,其中 ( x ′ ( t 0 ) , y ′ ( t 0 ) , z ′ ( t 0 ) ) (x'(t_0),y'(t_0),z'(t_0)) (x′(t0),y′(t0),z′(t0))为曲线 Γ \Gamma Γ在点 M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0)处的一个切向量
例1:曲线x=t,y=t2,z=t3在点(1,1,1)处的切线及法平面方程
x’(t)=1,y’(t)=2y,z’(t)=3t^2
则切向量,
s
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\boldsymbol s=(1,2,3)
s=(1,2,3)
切线方程为,
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\begin{aligned}\frac{x-1}1=\frac{y-1}2=\frac{z-1}3\end{aligned}
1x−1=2y−1=3z−1
法平面方程为,
1
⋅
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1\cdot(x-1)+2(y-1)+3(z-1)=0
1⋅(x−1)+2(y−1)+3(z−1)=0,即
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y
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3
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x+2y+3z-6=0
x+2y+3z−6=0
二、曲面的切平面与法线
- 设曲面 Σ \Sigma Σ为 F ( x , y , z ) = 0 F(x,y,z)=0 F(x,y,z)=0, M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0)为曲面 Σ \Sigma Σ上的一点,且在 M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0)处的偏导数连续且不同时为 0 0 0,则曲面 Σ \Sigma Σ在点 M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0)处的切平面方程为 F x ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + F y ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ( y − y 0 ) + F z ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ( z − z 0 ) = 0 F'_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)(x-x_0)+F'_y(x_0,y_0,z_0)(y-y_0)+F'_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)(z-z_0)=0 Fx′(x0,y0,z0)(x−x0)+Fy′(x0,y0,z0)(y−y0)+Fz′(x0,y0,z0)(z−z0)=0,法线方程 x − x 0 F x ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = y − y 0 F y ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = z − z 0 F z ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) \begin{aligned}\frac{x-x_0}{F'_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)}=\frac{y-y_0}{F'_y(x_0,y_0,z_0)}=\frac{z-z_0}{F'_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)}\end{aligned} Fx′(x0,y0,z0)x−x0=Fy′(x0,y0,z0)y−y0=Fz′(x0,y0,z0)z−z0,其中 n = ( F x ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , F y ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , F z ′ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ) \boldsymbol n=(F'_x(x_0,y_0,z_0),F'_y(x_0,y_0,z_0),F'_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)) n=(Fx′(x0,y0,z0),Fy′(x0,y0,z0),Fz′(x0,y0,z0))为曲面 Σ \Sigma Σ在点 M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0)处的一个法向量
- 如果曲面方程为
z
=
z
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)
z=z(x,y)
z=z(x,y),则其法向量为
n
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−
z
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′
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−
z
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′
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1
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\boldsymbol n=(-z'_x,-z'_y,1)
n=(−zx′,−zy′,1)。切平面方程:
−
z
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−
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-z'_x(x-x_0)-z'_y(y-y_0)+1\cdot(z-z_0)=0
−zx′(x−x0)−zy′(y−y0)+1⋅(z−z0)=0。法线:
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−
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∂
z
∂
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∂
z
∂
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\begin{aligned}\frac{x-x_0}{-\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}}=\frac{y-y_0}{-\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}}=\frac{z-z_0}1\end{aligned}
−∂x∂zx−x0=−∂y∂zy−y0=1z−z0
可以用该方法的,移项以后也可以用前面的方法
例2:求旋转抛物面
z
=
x
2
+
y
2
−
1
z=x^2+y^2-1
z=x2+y2−1在点
(
2
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1
,
4
)
(2,1,4)
(2,1,4)处的切平面及法线方程
n
=
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−
z
x
′
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−
z
y
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1
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=
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−
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\boldsymbol n=(-z_x',-z_y',1)=(-2x,-2y,1)=(-4,-2,1)
n=(−zx′,−zy′,1)=(−2x,−2y,1)=(−4,−2,1)
故且平面方程为
(
−
4
)
(
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+
(
−
2
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(
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⋅
(
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0
(-4)(x-2)+(-2)(y-1)+1\cdot(z-4)=0
(−4)(x−2)+(−2)(y−1)+1⋅(z−4)=0,即
4
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2
y
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z
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0
4x+2y-z-6=0
4x+2y−z−6=0
法线方程为
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−
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1
\begin{aligned}\frac{x-2}{-4}=\frac{y-1}{-2}=\frac{z-4}1\end{aligned}
−4x−2=−2y−1=1z−4