本文还有第一部分,包含导数的概念、函数求导法则、高阶导数
文章目录
隐函数及由参数方程所确定的函数的导数
一、隐函数
1. 隐函数的定义
一般地,如果变量 x x x和 y y y满足一个方程 F ( x , y ) = 0 F(x,y)=0 F(x,y)=0,在一定条件下,当 x x x取某区间内的任一值时,相应地总有满足这方程的唯一的 y y y值存在,那么就说方程 F ( x , y ) = 0 F(x,y)=0 F(x,y)=0在该区间内确定了一个隐函数
2. 隐函数求导法
例1:求由方程 e x + x y − e = 0 e^x+xy-e=0 ex+xy−e=0所确定的隐函数的导数 d y d x \frac{dy}{dx} dxdy
两边同时对
x
x
x求导得
e
y
d
y
d
x
+
y
+
x
d
y
d
x
=
0
d
y
d
x
=
−
y
x
+
e
y
(
x
+
e
y
≠
0
)
\begin{aligned}e^y\frac{dy}{dx}+y+x\frac{dy}{dx}&=0\\\frac{dy}{dx}&=-\frac y{x+e^y}(x+e^y\ne0)\end{aligned}
eydxdy+y+xdxdydxdy=0=−x+eyy(x+ey=0)
例2:求由方程
y
5
+
2
y
−
x
−
3
x
7
=
0
y^5+2y-x-3x^7=0
y5+2y−x−3x7=0所确定的隐函数在x=0处的导数
d
y
d
x
∣
x
=
0
\frac{dy}{dx}\Big|_{x=0}
dxdy∣
∣x=0
两边同时对
x
x
x求导得,当
x
=
0
x=0
x=0时,
y
5
+
2
y
=
0
⇒
y
(
y
4
+
2
)
=
0
⇒
y
=
0
y^5+2y=0\Rightarrow y(y^4+2)=0\Rightarrow y=0
y5+2y=0⇒y(y4+2)=0⇒y=0
5
y
4
d
y
d
x
+
2
d
y
d
x
−
1
−
21
x
6
=
0
d
y
d
x
=
1
+
21
x
6
2
+
5
y
x
=
1
2
\begin{aligned}5y^4\frac{dy}{dx}+2\frac{dy}{dx}-1-21x^6&=0\\\frac{dy}{dx}&=\frac{1+21x^6}{2+5y^x}\\&=\frac12\end{aligned}
5y4dxdy+2dxdy−1−21x6dxdy=0=2+5yx1+21x6=21
例3:求椭圆
x
2
16
+
y
2
9
=
1
\frac{x^2}{16}+\frac{y^2}{9}=1
16x2+9y2=1在点
(
2
,
3
2
3
)
(2,\frac32\sqrt3)
(2,233)处的切线方程
两边同时对
x
x
x求导得
d
y
d
x
=
−
9
x
16
x
\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{9x}{16x}
dxdy=−16x9x
k
=
d
y
d
x
∣
x
=
2
,
y
=
3
2
3
=
−
3
4
k=\frac{dy}{dx}\Big|_{x=2,y=\frac32\sqrt3}=-\frac{\sqrt3}4
k=dxdy∣
∣x=2,y=233=−43
切线方程:
3
x
+
4
y
−
8
3
=
0
\sqrt3x+4y-8\sqrt3=0
3x+4y−83=0
例4:求由方程 x − y + 1 2 sin y = 0 x-y+\frac12\sin y=0 x−y+21siny=0所确定的隐函数的二阶导数 d 2 y d x 2 \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} dx2d2y
两边同时对
x
x
x求导得
d
y
d
x
=
2
2
−
cos
y
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac2{2-\cos y}
dxdy=2−cosy2
两边再同时对
x
x
x求导得
d
2
y
d
x
2
=
−
2
sin
y
d
y
d
x
(
2
−
cos
y
)
2
=
−
4
sin
y
(
2
−
cos
y
)
3
\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=\frac{-2\sin y \frac{dy}{dx}}{(2-\cos y)^2}=\frac{-4\sin y}{(2-\cos y)^3}
dx2d2y=(2−cosy)2−2sinydxdy=(2−cosy)3−4siny
3. 对数求导法
做法:等式两边同时对数化,之后变成隐函数求导问题
常用于幂指函数,带根号的复杂分式
例5:求
y
=
x
sin
x
(
x
>
0
)
y=x^{\sin x}(x>0)
y=xsinx(x>0)的导数
ln
y
=
ln
x
sin
x
=
sin
x
ln
x
1
y
d
y
d
x
=
cos
x
ln
x
+
sin
x
x
d
y
d
x
=
y
(
cos
x
ln
x
+
sin
x
x
)
=
x
sin
x
(
cos
x
ln
x
+
sin
x
x
)
\begin{aligned}\ln y&=\ln x^{\sin x}=\sin x\ln x\\\frac1y\frac{dy}{dx}&=\cos x\ln x+\frac{\sin x}{x}\\\frac{dy}{dx}&=y(\cos x\ln x+\frac{\sin x}{x})=x^{\sin x}(\cos x\ln x+\frac{\sin x}{x})\end{aligned}
lnyy1dxdydxdy=lnxsinx=sinxlnx=cosxlnx+xsinx=y(cosxlnx+xsinx)=xsinx(cosxlnx+xsinx)
例6:求
y
=
(
x
−
1
)
(
x
−
2
)
(
x
−
3
)
(
x
−
4
)
y=\sqrt{\frac{(x-1)(x-2)}{(x-3)(x-4)}}
y=(x−3)(x−4)(x−1)(x−2)的导数
注意要分区间使根号有意义,即根号下大于0
当
x
>
4
x>4
x>4时
ln
y
=
1
2
[
ln
(
x
−
1
)
+
ln
(
x
−
2
)
−
ln
(
x
−
3
)
−
ln
(
x
−
4
)
]
1
y
⋅
y
′
=
1
2
(
1
x
−
1
+
1
x
−
2
−
1
x
−
3
−
1
x
−
4
)
y
′
=
(
x
−
1
)
(
x
−
2
)
(
x
−
3
)
(
x
−
4
)
2
(
1
x
−
1
+
1
x
−
2
−
1
x
−
3
−
1
x
−
4
)
\begin{aligned}\ln y&=\frac12[\ln(x-1)+\ln(x-2)-\ln(x-3)-\ln(x-4)]\\\frac1y\cdot y'&=\frac12(\frac1{x-1}+\frac1{x-2}-\frac1{x-3}-\frac1{x-4})\\y'&=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{(x-1)(x-2)}{(x-3)(x-4)}}}{2}(\frac1{x-1}+\frac1{x-2}-\frac1{x-3}-\frac1{x-4})\end{aligned}
lnyy1⋅y′y′=21[ln(x−1)+ln(x−2)−ln(x−3)−ln(x−4)]=21(x−11+x−21−x−31−x−41)=2(x−3)(x−4)(x−1)(x−2)(x−11+x−21−x−31−x−41)
同理
2
<
x
<
3
,
x
<
1
2<x<3,x<1
2<x<3,x<1
二、参数方程
1. 参数方程的定义
若参数方程 { x = ϕ ( t ) y = ψ ( t ) \begin{cases}x=\phi(t)\\y=\psi(t)\end{cases} {x=ϕ(t)y=ψ(t)确定 y y y与 x x x间的函数关系,则称此函数关系所表达的函数为由参数方程所确定的函数
2. 由参数方程确定的函数的求导
-
若 ϕ ( t ) 和 ψ ( t ) \phi(t)和\psi(t) ϕ(t)和ψ(t)都可导,且 ϕ ′ ( t ) ≠ 0 \phi'(t)\ne0 ϕ′(t)=0,则 d y d x = ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{\psi'(t)}{\phi'(t)} dxdy=ϕ′(t)ψ′(t)
证明: { x = ϕ ( t ) y = ψ ( t ) \begin{cases}x=\phi(t)\\y=\psi(t)\end{cases} {x=ϕ(t)y=ψ(t),则 d y d x = ψ ( t ) ϕ ( t ) \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{\psi(t)}{\phi(t)} dxdy=ϕ(t)ψ(t)
d y d x = d y d t d t d x = d y d t 1 d x d t = ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dt}\frac{dt}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dt}\frac1{\frac{dx}{dt}}=\frac{\psi'(t)}{\phi'(t)} dxdy=dtdydxdt=dtdydtdx1=ϕ′(t)ψ′(t)
也可用
d y d x = d y d t d x d t = ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}}=\frac{\psi'(t)}{\phi'(t)} dxdy=dtdxdtdy=ϕ′(t)ψ′(t) -
若 ϕ ( t ) 和 ψ ( t ) \phi(t)和\psi(t) ϕ(t)和ψ(t)都可导,且 ϕ ′ ( t ) ≠ 0 \phi'(t)\ne0 ϕ′(t)=0,则
d 2 y d x 2 = ψ ′ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) − ϕ ′ ′ ( t ) ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ 3 ( t ) \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=\frac{\psi''(t)\phi'(t)-\phi''(t)\psi'(t)}{{\phi'}^3(t)} dx2d2y=ϕ′3(t)ψ′′(t)ϕ′(t)−ϕ′′(t)ψ′(t)
d 2 y d x 2 = d d x ( d y d x ) = d d t ( d y d t ) d t d x = d d t [ ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) ] d t d x = ψ ′ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) − ϕ ′ ′ ( t ) ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ 2 ( t ) ⋅ 1 ϕ ′ ( t ) = ψ ′ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ ( t ) − ϕ ′ ′ ( t ) ψ ′ ( t ) ϕ ′ 3 ( t ) \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=\frac d{dx}(\frac{dy}{dx})=\frac d{dt}(\frac{dy}{dt})\frac{dt}{dx}=\frac d{dt}[\frac{\psi'(t)}{\phi'(t)}]\frac{dt}{dx}=\frac{\psi''(t)\phi'(t)-\phi''(t)\psi'(t)}{{\phi'}^2(t)}\cdot\frac1{\phi'(t)}=\frac{\psi''(t)\phi'(t)-\phi''(t)\psi'(t)}{{\phi'}^3(t)} dx2d2y=dxd(dxdy)=dtd(dtdy)dxdt=dtd[ϕ′(t)ψ′(t)]dxdt=ϕ′2(t)ψ′′(t)ϕ′(t)−ϕ′′(t)ψ′(t)⋅ϕ′(t)1=ϕ′3(t)ψ′′(t)ϕ′(t)−ϕ′′(t)ψ′(t)
例7:设 y = y ( x ) y=y(x) y=y(x)由 { x = 3 t 2 + 4 t − 2 y = e t + sin t − 1 \begin{cases}x=3t^2+4t-2\\y=e^t+\sin t-1\end{cases} {x=3t2+4t−2y=et+sint−1确定,求 d y d x ∣ t = 0 , d 2 y d x 2 ∣ t = 0 \frac{dy}{dx}\Big|_{t=0},\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\Big|_{t=0} dxdy∣ ∣t=0,dx2d2y∣ ∣t=0
x ′ ( t ) = 6 t + 4 x ′ ′ ( t ) = 6 y ′ ( t ) = e t + cos t y ′ ′ ( t ) = e t − sin t d y d x ∣ t = 0 = e t + cos t 6 t + 4 ∣ t = 0 = 1 2 d 2 y d x 2 ∣ t = 0 = ( e t − sin t ) ( 6 t + 4 ) − 6 ( e t + cos t ) ( 6 t + 4 ) 3 = − 1 8 \begin{aligned} x'(t)&=6t+4\\ x''(t)&=6\\ y'(t)&=e^t+\cos t\\ y''(t)&=e^t-\sin t\\ \frac{dy}{dx}\Big|_{t=0}&=\frac{e^t+\cos t}{6t+4}\Big|_{t=0}=\frac12\\ \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\Big|_{t=0}&=\frac{(e^t-\sin t)(6t+4)-6(e^t+\cos t)}{(6t+4)^3}=-\frac18 \end{aligned} x′(t)x′′(t)y′(t)y′′(t)dxdy∣ ∣t=0dx2d2y∣ ∣t=0=6t+4=6=et+cost=et−sint=6t+4et+cost∣ ∣t=0=21=(6t+4)3(et−sint)(6t+4)−6(et+cost)=−81
函数的微分
一、微分的定义
设函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)在某区间内有定义,
x
0
x_0
x0及
x
0
+
Δ
x
x_0+\Delta x
x0+Δx在这区间内,如果函数的增量
Δ
y
=
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
\Delta y=f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)
Δy=f(x0+Δx)−f(x0)
可表示为
Δ
y
=
A
Δ
x
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
\Delta y=A\Delta x+o(\Delta x)
Δy=AΔx+o(Δx)
其中
A
A
A是不依赖于
Δ
x
\Delta x
Δx的常数,那么称函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0是可微的,而A
Δ
x
\Delta x
Δx叫做函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0相应于自变量增量
Δ
x
\Delta x
Δx的微分,记作
d
y
dy
dy,即
d
y
=
A
Δ
x
,
Δ
y
=
d
y
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
dy=A\Delta x,\Delta y=dy+o(\Delta x)
dy=AΔx,Δy=dy+o(Δx)
二、可微的充要条件
函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0可微的充分必要条件是函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0可导,且当 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0可微时,其微分一定是 d y = f ′ ( x 0 ) Δ x dy=f'(x_0)\Delta x dy=f′(x0)Δx
例1:求函数
y
=
e
2
x
y=e^{2x}
y=e2x,当
x
=
2
,
Δ
x
=
0.02
x=2,\Delta x=0.02
x=2,Δx=0.02时的微分
d
y
=
(
e
2
x
)
′
Δ
x
=
2
e
2
x
Δ
x
dy=(e^{2x})'\Delta x=2e^{2x}\Delta x
dy=(e2x)′Δx=2e2xΔx
代入
x
=
2
,
Δ
x
=
0.02
x=2,\Delta x=0.02
x=2,Δx=0.02,则
d
y
=
0.04
e
4
dy=0.04e^4
dy=0.04e4
三、微分的运算法则
1. 基本初等函数的微分公式
将导数 d x dx dx移到等号另一面即可
导数公式: d ( x μ ) d x = μ x μ − 1 \frac{d(x^\mu)}{dx}=\mu x^{\mu-1} dxd(xμ)=μxμ−1
微分公式: d ( x μ ) = μ x μ − 1 d x d(x^\mu)=\mu x^{\mu-1}dx d(xμ)=μxμ−1dx
2. 函数的和、差、积、商的微分
将导数变成微分即可
d
(
u
±
v
)
=
d
u
±
d
v
d
(
C
u
)
=
C
d
u
d
(
u
v
)
=
v
d
u
+
u
d
v
\begin{aligned} d(u\pm v)&=du\pm dv\\ d(Cu)&=Cdu\\ d(uv)&=vdu+udv \end{aligned}
d(u±v)d(Cu)d(uv)=du±dv=Cdu=vdu+udv
类似前导后不导加后导前不导
d
(
u
v
)
=
v
d
u
−
u
d
v
v
2
(
v
≠
0
)
d(\frac uv)=\frac{vdu-udv}{v^2}(v\ne0)
d(vu)=v2vdu−udv(v=0)
3. 复合函数的微分法则
将导数变成微分即可
设
y
=
f
(
u
)
y=f(u)
y=f(u)与
u
=
g
(
x
)
u=g(x)
u=g(x)都可导,则复合函数
y
=
f
[
g
(
x
)
]
y=f[g(x)]
y=f[g(x)]的微分为
d
y
=
y
x
′
d
x
=
f
′
(
u
)
g
′
(
x
)
d
x
dy=y'_xdx=f'(u)g'(x)dx
dy=yx′dx=f′(u)g′(x)dx
例2:已知
y
=
e
3
x
sin
(
x
−
4
)
y=e^{3x}\sin(x-4)
y=e3xsin(x−4),求
d
y
dy
dy
d
y
=
d
[
e
3
x
sin
(
x
−
4
)
]
=
e
3
x
d
sin
(
x
−
4
)
+
sin
(
x
−
4
)
d
e
3
x
=
e
3
x
[
cos
(
x
−
4
)
+
3
sin
(
x
−
4
)
]
d
x
\begin{aligned}dy&=d[e^{3x}\sin(x-4)]\\&=e^{3x}d\sin(x-4)+\sin(x-4)de^{3x}\\&=e^{3x}[\cos(x-4)+3\sin(x-4)]dx\end{aligned}
dy=d[e3xsin(x−4)]=e3xdsin(x−4)+sin(x−4)de3x=e3x[cos(x−4)+3sin(x−4)]dx