数学物理方法 03 无穷级数

$\color{blue}{第三章 无穷级数}$

$\color{blue}{\S 3.1 复级数}$

$\color{blue}{3.1.1 复数项级数}$

$1.复数项级数定义$
$f_0 + f_1 + \cdots + f_k + \cdots = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k, (f_k -复数)$

$2.敛散定义$
$设F_k = \sum \limits _ {n=0}^{k} f_n, 若 \lim \limits _ {k \to \infty} F_k = F,则称级数\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k 收敛于F.$

$3.研究方法$
$可归结为对两个实数级数的研究。\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} u_k, \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} v_k$

$4.收敛的充要条件--Cauchy判据$
$\forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists K, 使得k > K时有 |F_{k+p} - F_k| = |f_{k+1} + f_{k+2} + \cdots + f_{k+p}| < \varepsilon, (p = 1, 2, \cdots)$

$5.收敛的必要条件: \lim \limits _ {k \to \infty} f_k = 0$
$e.g. \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{\infty} az^{k-1}(a \neq 0), |z| \geq 1 \to |az^{k-1}| \geq |a| \neq 0$
$\therefore \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{\infty} a z^{k-1}(a \neq 0) 不收敛.$

$6.绝对收敛$
$(1)定义:若\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} |f_k|收敛,则称\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k绝对收敛.$
$(2)性质:$
$①交换次序,$
$②逐项相乘,$
$③D’Alembert判别法:\forall K, \exists k, 当k > K时,若|\dfrac{f_{k+1}}{f_k}| < \rho ( \rho < 1),\\ 则\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k 绝对收敛;特别是若\lim \limits _ {k \to \infty} |\dfrac{f_{k+1}}{f_k}| = l, 则\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k当l < 1时,绝对收敛;\\ 当l > 1时,发散;当l = 1时,敛散性不定.$
$④高斯判别:若\dfrac{f_k}{f_{k+1}} = 1 + \dfrac{\mu}{k} + O(\dfrac{1}{k^{\lambda}}), \lambda > 1,则\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty}|f_k|, 当Re\; \mu > 1时,收敛.$

$\color{blue}{3.1.2 复变函数项级数}$

$1.复函级数定义:f_0(z) + f_1(z) + \cdots + f_k(z) + \cdots = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k(z)$
$2.一致收敛$
$(1).定义：\forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists K(\varepsilon)(与z无关), \epsilon当k > K时,对于一切z \in \sigma 均满足 \\ |F(z) - F_k(z)| < \varepsilon, 则称\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k(z)在\sigma上一致收敛于F(z).$
$(2)一致收敛的充要条件:--Cauchy判据$
$\forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists K (\varepsilon), \epsilon 当k > K 时,对于一切z \in \sigma 有\\ |F_{k+p} - F_k| = |f_{k+1}(z) + f_{k+2}(z) + \cdots + f_{k+p}(z)| < \varepsilon, (p = 1, 2, \cdots)$
$3.性质$
$(1)一致收敛的M判别法:若在\sigma内|f_k(z)| \leq M_k, M_k > 0(与z无关),\\ 且\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} M_k收敛,则\sum \limits _ {k=0} ^ {\infty} f_k绝对且一致收敛.$
$(2)和函数连续:若在\sigma内f_k(z)连续,\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k(z)一致收敛于F(z), \\ 则其和函数F(z)壹在内连续.$
$(3)逐项积分:若在l上f_k(z)连续, 且\sum \limits _ {k=0} ^ {\infty} f_k(z) 一致收敛于F(z), \\ 则\oint _ l F(z) dz = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} \oint _ l f_k(z) dz$
$(4)逐项可导:若在\sigma上f_k(z)解析,在\bar \sigma ^{\prime} \in \sigma 上\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k(z) 一致收敛于F(z),\\ 则F^{(n)}(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} f_k^{(n)}(z)$

$\color{blue}{\S 3.2 幂级数}$

$\color{blue}{3.2.1 定义}$

$a_0 + a_1(z - b) + a_2(z - b)^2 + \cdots = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} a_k(z - b)^k$

$\color{blue}{3.2.2 收敛性}$

$1.Abel定理: 若\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty}a_k(z-b)^k在z = z_0点收敛,\\ 则它在|z-b| < |z_0-b|内绝对收敛,在|z - z_0| \leq \rho(\rho \leq |z_0 - b|)上一致收敛.$
$2.推论:若\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty}a_k(z - b)^k在z = z_1点发散,则它在|z - b| > |z_1 - b|内发散.$
$3.收敛圆和收敛半径$
$对于\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} a_k(z-b)^k,存在一收敛圆|z-b| = R, 当|z - b| < R,它绝对、一致收敛;\\ 当|z - b| > R, 它发散;而在|z - b| = R上,其敛散性不定.R被称为它的收敛半径.$
$4.收敛半径公式$
$1)R = \lim \limits _ {k \to \infty} \left| \dfrac{a_k}{a_{k+1}} \right|; 2) R = \lim \limits _ {k \to \infty} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt[k]{|a_k|}}$
$例1.\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} z^k 的R = ?,证\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} z^k = \dfrac{1}{1 - z}, | z| < 1$

$\color{blue}{3.2.3 性质}$

$1.和函数解析$
$若\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty}a_k(z - b)^k = f(z),则f(z) \in H(|z - b| < R),且\\ \oint _ l f(z) dz = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} a_k \oint _ l (z - b)^k dz \qquad \quad R_{积} = R_{微} = R \\ \oint _ l f^{(n)}(z) dz = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} a_k \dfrac{d^n}{dz^n} \oint _ l (z - b)^k dz$
$2.可逐项相乘$
$\sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} a_k(z - b)^k \cdot \sum \limits _ {n=0}^{\infty} c_n(z - d)^n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^{\infty} \sum \limits _ {n=0}^{\infty} a_k c_n(z-d)^{k+n}$

$\color{blue}{\S 3.3 泰勒级数}$

$\color{blue}{3.3.1 泰勒定理}$

$若f(z) \in H(\sigma), 则在|z - b| < R \in \sigma内,有f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty}a_k(z - b)^k,\\ 其中a_k = \dfrac{f^{(k)}(b)}{k!},且展开是唯一的.$

$\color{blue}{3.3.2 收敛半径}$

$1.R = \lim \limits _ {k \to \infty} \left| \dfrac{a_k}{a_{k+1}} \right|$
$2.R = |a - b|, a - f(z) 的距离b最近的奇点$

$\color{blue}{3.3.3 如何展开}$

$1.直接用展开定理展开$
$例3.将e^z 在z = 0展开$
$答:e^z = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{z^k}{k!}, |z| < \infty$
$例4.将\dfrac{1}{1 - z}在z = 0展开.$
$答:\dfrac{1}{1 - z} = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} z^k, |z| < 1$
$2.利用一致级数展开式用各种方法展开$
$(1) 变量代换法$
$例5.将\sin z 在 z = 0展开.$
$答:\sin z = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)!}z^{2k + 1}, |z| < \infty$
$(2)逐项积分$
$例6 将\cos z在z = 0展开.$
$答:\cos z = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{(-1)^k}{(2k)!}z^{2k}, |z| < \infty$
$(3)分项分式$
$例7.将\dfrac{1}{1 - z^2}在z = 0展开.$
$答: \dfrac{1}{1 - z^2} = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} z^{2k}, |z| < 1$
$(4)逐项相乘$
$将\dfrac{1}{1 - z^2}在z = 0展开.$
$(5)待定系数$
$例9.将\sec z 在z = 0展开.$
$答: \sec z = 1 + \dfrac{1}{2!} z^2 + \dfrac{5}{4!}z^4 + \cdots, |z| < \dfrac{\pi}{2}$

$\color{blue}{3.3.4 多值函数的泰勒展开}$

$例10.将Ln (1 + z) 的主值支\ln(1 + z)在z = 0展开.$
$\dfrac{d^k}{d z^k}[\ln(1+z)] = \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!}{(1+z)^k}, |z| < 1$
$答:\ln(1+z) = \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{(-1)^{k-1}}{k}z^k, |z| < 1$

$\color{blue}{\S 3.4 洛朗级数}$

$定义:称\sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_k(z-b)^k = \sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{-1}c_k(z-b)^k + \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} c_k(z-b)^k 为洛朗级数.$

$\color{blue}{3.4.1 定理}$

$洛朗级数存在一收敛环域: r < |z - b| < R.在收敛环域r < |z - b| < R内的和函数\\ 是一解析函数,且在其较小的同心闭环域r^{\prime} \leq |z - b| \leq R^{\prime}(r^{\prime} < r < R^{\prime} < R)上收敛.$

$\color{blue}{3.4.2 Laurant展开定理}$

$若f(z)在r < |z - b| < R内解析,则f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_k(z-b)^k, r < |z-b| < R,\\ 其中, c_k = \dfrac{1}{2 \pi i} \oint _ l \dfrac{f(z)}{(z-b)^{k+1}} dz, l:|z-b| = \rho(r < r^{\prime} < \rho < R^{\prime} < R),\\ 且展开是唯一的.$
$注意:(1)展开中心b不一定是函数的奇点,如,在2 < |z| < \infty中：\\ f(z) = \dfrac{1}{(z-1)(z-2)} = \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{\infty} (2^{k-1} - 1) \dfrac{1}{z^k}$
$(2)展开系数公式:c_k \neq \dfrac{f^{(k)}(b)}{k!}$
$(3)唯一性不能用微商证.$

$\color{blue}{3.4.3 收敛范围}$

$设a和a^{\prime}为f(z)的两个相邻的奇点,则\sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_k(z-b)^k在|a-b| < |z-b| < |a^{\prime} - b|(|a^{\prime} - b| > |a - b|包括a = b)中收敛,如f(z) = \dfrac{1}{z(z-1)(z - \frac{3}{2})}$
$\sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_kz^k, (0 < |z| < 1; 1 < |z| < 1.5; 1.5 < |z|)$
$\sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_k(z-1)^k, (0 < |z-1| < 0.5; 0.5 < |z-1|)$
$\sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_k(z-1.5)^k, (0 < |z-1.5| < 0.5; 0.5 < |z-1.5|)$

$\color{blue}{3.4.4 展开方法}$

$1.直接利用展开定理(较少用)$
$例1.证明:ch(z + \dfrac{1}{z}) = c_0 + \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} c_k(z^k + z^{-k}),其中\\ c_k = \dfrac{1}{2 \pi} \int _0^{2 \pi} \cos k \varphi \; ch(2 \cos \varphi) d \varphi$
$f(z) = \sum \limits _{k=-\infty}^{\infty} c_k(z-b)^k, r < |z-b| < R, \\ c_k = \dfrac{1}{2 \pi i} \oint _ l \dfrac{f(z)}{(z-b)^{k+1}} dz$

$2.利用常用函数的T展开公式通过种种手段展开$
$例2.将函数f(z) = \dfrac{1}{(z-1)(z-2)} = \dfrac{1}{z-2} - \dfrac{1}{z-1}$
$(1)在z = 0的邻域中展开 |z| < 1:f(z) = \sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty} (1 - \dfrac{1}{2^{k+1}})z^k;$
$(2)以z = 0为中心展开:1<|z|<2:f(z) = - \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} (\dfrac{1}{z^{k+1}} + \dfrac{1}{2^{k+1}} z^k);$
$(3)在环域|z-1| > 1中展开：|z-1| > 1:f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{1}{(z-1)^{k+1}};$
$(4) 在奇点的去心邻域展开:|z| > 2:f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} (2^k-1)\dfrac{1}{z^{k+1}};$
$(5)以奇点为中心展开$

$\color{blue}{\S 3.5 单值函数的孤立奇点}$

$\color{blue}{3.5.1 函数的奇点}$

$1.孤立奇点$
$若在|z - b| < \varepsilon 内除b外f(z)别无其它奇点,则z-b是f(z)的孤立奇点.$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{1}{z(z-1)} \quad z=0, z=1$

$2.非孤立奇点$
$若在|z-b| < \varepsilon 内,f(z)除z=b外还有其它奇点,则称b为f(z)的非孤立奇点.$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{1}{\sin \dfrac{1}{z}} \quad z = 0$

$\color{blue}{3.5.2 孤立奇点的分类}$

$若z = b为f(z)的孤立奇点,则f(z) = \sum \limits _{k=-\infty}^{\infty}C_k(z-b)^k, 0 < |z-b| < R$

$1.可去奇点$
$若f(z) = \sum \limits _{k=0}^{\infty}C_k(z-b)^k, 0 < |z-b| < R(展开无负幂),则z = b 是 f(z)的可去奇点$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{\sin z}{z}, z = 0 \to 可去奇点$
$注:(1)b为可去奇点的充要条件是: \\ f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} C_k(z-b)^k \iff \lim \limits _{z \to b} f(z) = 有限 \iff f(z)在b充分小邻域内有界.$
$(2)可去奇点常不作奇点看.$
$e.g.F(z) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} f(z), \quad z \neq b \\ \lim \limits _ {z \to b} f(z), \quad z = b \end{array} \right.$

$2.极点$
$若f(z) = \lim \limits _ {k = -m}^{\infty}C_k(z-b)^k, 0 < |z-b| < R(展开有有限项负幂),则称z=b为\\ f(z)的极点.当C_{-m} \neq 0时,称z=b为f(z)的m阶极点.1阶极点又称为单极点.$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{1}{z^2(z-1)}$
$注:(1)b为极点的充要条件:\lim \limits _{z \to b} f(z) = \infty$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{z}{\sin^2 z}$
$(2)b为m阶极点的充要条件为:\\ f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k = -m}^{\infty}C_k(z-b)^k \quad (C_{-m} \neq 0) \\ \iff f(z) = \dfrac{\varphi(z)}{(z-b)^m} [\varphi(z) \in H(|z-b| < R), \varphi(b) \neq 0]\\ g(z) = \dfrac{1}{f(z)}以z=b为m阶零点.(附)$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{1}{z^2(z-1)}, 以z = 0为二阶极点, z = 1为点极点.$
$(附):解析函数的零点: \\ 设函数g(z)在解析区域\sigma内一点a的值为零,即g(a) = 0,则称a为解析函数的g(z)零点.\\ 若g(a) = g^{\prime}(a) = g^{\prime \prime}(a) = \cdots = g^{(m-1)}(a) = 0, 但g^{(m)}(a) \neq 0,则称a为函数g(z)的m级零点.$
$(3)若z=b为f(z)的奇点,且\lim \limits _{z \to b}[(z-b)^n f(z)] = 非零的有限值,\\ 则b为f(z)的n阶奇点.$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{z}{\sin^2 z},$
$\because \lim \limits _ {z \to n \pi} \dfrac{z}{\sin^2 z} = \infty, \therefore z = n \pi (n = 0, \pm 1, \cdots)-极点.$
$\lim \limits _ {z \to n \pi}(z - n \pi) \dfrac{z}{\sin ^2 z} = \lim \limits _{z \to n \pi} \dfrac{2z - n \pi}{ \sin 2z} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} \lim \limits _ {z \to 0} \dfrac{2z}{\sin 2z} = 1, n = 0 \\ \infty, n \neq 0 \end{array} \right.$
$\lim \limits _{z \to n \pi}(z - n \pi)^2 \cdot \dfrac{z}{\sin ^2 z} = \lim \limits _ {z \to n \pi} \dfrac{2(z - n \pi)z - (z - n \pi)^2}{2 \sin z \cos z}$
$= \lim \limits _ {z \to n \pi} \dfrac{(z - n \pi)(3 z - n \pi)}{\sin 2z }$
$= \lim \limits _ {z \to n \pi} \dfrac{4z - 2n \pi + z^2 - n^2 \pi^2}{2 \cos 2z} = \dfrac{2n \pi}{2 \cos 2n \pi} = n \pi \quad (n \neq 0)$
$以z = 0 为单极点,z = n \pi (n = \pm 1, \pm 2, \cdots)为二阶极点.$

$3.本性奇点$
$若f(z) = \sum \limits _{k=-\infty}^{-1}C_k(z-b)^k + C_0 + C_1(z-b)^2 + \cdots, 0 < |z-b| < R\\ (展开有无限项负幂),则称z=b为f(z)的本性奇点.$
$e.g. f(z) = e^{\frac{1}{z}} = 1 + \dfrac{1}{z} + \dfrac{1}{2!z^2} + \cdots, 0 < |z| < \infty, \quad z = 0 \to 本性奇点$
$注意:b为本性极点的充要条件为\lim \limits _{z \to b} f(z) = 不定$
$e.g. \quad \lim \limits _{z \to 0} e^{\frac{1}{z}} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} \infty, (x \to 0^+, y = 0) \\ 0, (x \to 0^-, y=0) \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{3.5.3 无穷远点的性质}$

$1.无穷点为解析点$
$若R>0,当|z| > R时f(z)处处可导,则f(z)在z = \infty解析.$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{1}{z^2(z-1)} \quad 在z = \infty处解析$

$2.无穷点为孤立奇点$
$若\exists R > 0,当|z| > R时f(z)除z = \infty别无奇点,即在R < |z| < \infty中解析.\\ 则z = \infty为f(z)的孤立奇点$
$e.g. f(z) = \dfrac{\sin z}{z} \quad 在z = \infty为孤立奇点$

$3.无穷点为孤立奇点的分类$
$令z = \dfrac{1}{z}, 则z = \infty \to t = 0, f(z) \to f(\dfrac{1}{t}) = \varphi(t),$
$|z| > R \to |t| < \dfrac{1}{R} = \delta$
$R < |z| < \infty \to 0 < |t| < \delta$
$f(z)在\left \{ \begin{array}{l} |z| > R的T展, \\ R < |z| < \infty的L展 \end{array} \right. \to \varphi(t)在\left \{ \begin{array}{l} |t| < \delta 的T展, \\ 0 < |t| < \delta 的L展 \end{array} \right.$

$(1)可去奇点:$
$若f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=-\infty}^{-1}c_kz^k + c_0, R < |z| < \infty(展开无正幂),则z = \infty为f(z)的可去奇点.$
$e.g. f(z) = z \cdot \sin \dfrac{1}{z} \quad 以z = \infty 为可去奇点.$
$(2)极点$
$若f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=1}^{m} c_kz^k + c_0 + c_ {-1}\dfrac{1}{z} + c_ {-2}\dfrac{1}{z^2} + \cdots, R < |z| < \infty(展开有m项正幂),\\ 则z = \infty为f(z)的m阶极点.$
$e.g.P(z) = a_n z^n + a_ {n-1} z^{n-1} + \cdots + a_0 \quad 以z = \infty为n阶极点.$
$(3)本性奇点$
$若f(z) = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} c_k z^k + c_{-1} \dfrac{1}{z} + c_{-2} \dfrac{1}{z^2} + \cdots , R < |z| < \infty(有无限项正幂),\\ 则z = \infty为f(z)的本性奇点.$
$e.g. e^z = \sum \limits _ {k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{1}{k!} z^k, |z| < \infty \quad 以 z = \infty 为本性奇点.$