根据2023年托福考试改革的内容,写作部分的考试形式和内容发生了重大变化,具体如下:
托福写作改革后的考试形式
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取消独立写作
托福写作部分取消了原来的独立写作任务,取而代之的是学术讨论写作(Writing for an Academic Discussion)。 -
新增学术讨论写作
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题型描述:模拟线上课堂讨论,教授会提出一个问题,两位同学会给出他们的观点和理由,考生需要阅读这些材料后,发表自己的看法并提供论据。
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时间要求:10分钟。
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字数要求:至少100词。
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内容要求:考生需要明确表达自己的立场,阐述观点,并在讨论中提及和呼应给定的观点。
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综合写作保持不变
综合写作部分仍然保留,考生需要在20分钟内完成一篇基于阅读和听力材料的写作。 -
写作部分总时长
写作部分的总时长从原来的50分钟缩短至29分钟。
考试内容和难度变化
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新的学术讨论写作题型更注重考生的快速阅读、理解和表达能力,同时也考察批判性思维和学术场景下的语言应用。
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虽然字数要求降低,但考生需要在短时间内阅读约200词的材料并进行回应,时间压力仍然较大。
评分细则 (4-5 分):
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相关且详细阐述的解释和/或细节
Relevant and well-elaborated explanations and/or details
写作应包含与题目相关且充分展开的解释和细节,说明观点并支持论证。 -
有效使用多样的句法结构和精确、地道的词汇选择
Effective use of a variety of syntactic structures and precise, idiomatic word choice
文章应展现出使用多种句型结构的能力,并且词汇使用准确、地道,能够清晰地表达思想。 -
几乎没有词汇或语法错误,除了那些在有时间限制的情况下,由一个熟练的写作者可能犯的错误(例如,常见的打字错误或拼写错误,如there/their)
Almost no lexical or grammatical errors other than those expected from a competent writer writing under timed conditions (e.g., common typos or common misspellings like there/their)
写作中的词汇和语法错误应该非常少,只有一些常见的错误(如拼写错误)可能在时间压力下发生。(这个是AI比较好帮助的,思路啥的很难。)
http://essay.refer.com.sg/#/ 这个是琦叔课上提到的refer批改网站的网址~
非常不建议上来就写例子,应该先说理展开:
展开A:本质就是思考A有什么特点优点与独特之处。
如:小孩-小组学习; 锻炼批判性思维能力,因为:(小组)discussion,why? 多个不同学生 then?,发表不同的观点,吸收与学习。
从底层一层层展开。(本质)
托福口语很难:因为口语高分需要很强的连贯性,连贯性需要对于表达的词汇与词组很熟悉,需要长时间的积累,很多的effort 与一定的语言天赋 = 很难;
缺乏对于“托福”的特点:比如 “限时”。
刚毕业的大学生,大公司 or 小公司:大公司:大--人多--认识更多优秀人才--快速学到很多东西(经验)
人多(领导能管很多人)--更完备的管理结构与更多的资源--更精密的分工--divide and conquer 的能力 与 与人相处协作的能力。(本质特点也需要跟后面的展开特质有紧密联系)
重点归纳技巧:展开 A的特点之后,从第一个特点进行二级甚至三级展开,再联系到B
E-Rater(作文批改反饋,30秒):
- Average Words Per Sentence - 每句话的平均单词数,体现了文章的句子长度与复杂度。
- Unique Word Total - 唯一词汇的总数,显示了语言的多样性。
- Transitional Words - 过渡词的使用,反映了句子与句子之间的连贯性。
- Grammar Error - 语法错误,直接影响评分。
- Mechanic Error - 机械错误,可能包括拼写、标点等基本错误。
- Style (word repetition/long sentences/short sentences/passive voice) - 写作风格的考察,分析是否有词汇重复、句子过长或过短,以及是否过多使用被动语态。
Qs
需要自己在纸上列提纲分论点之类的吗?
不需要,没时间;而且这一部分也不需要分论点(除非你的这个点实在展开不了了)。一般就写一个点,除非字数凑不满。读完题就要快速推进三四级展开,后续再联系B, 就差不多了。
一般用多长时间写?
10分钟倒计时,数字进入00:08:59前动笔。
自己练习可以先超时,在考前两周训练八分钟九分钟搞定。初期:130词,后续还可以加。
解释观点的两部分指的是什么?
比如”过去与现在“的影响。
给出自己的观点A-B,是指?
I stand, I believe the subway is a relatively significant invention as it has made our commuting much more convenient. ...modern subways not only offer the benefit of speed and being unaffected by surface traffic, but they also provide various means for us to know the arrival time, such as through mobile apps and station inquiries, giving commuters ample certainty (B).
这里的B是ample certainty吗?
或者说A是这个东西的特点,B是A的好处(尤其是:跟人有关系)。展开A就是A的特点,展开B就是说A的直接好处。
除了时间对比,还有其他常用的解释观点的方法吗?
通常用于非开放式,开放式先考虑时间对比。
题目类型的两种分类:
1. 开放式问题(Open-ended Questions)
例子:
“中国人爱吃的本土主食有很多,比如米饭、面条,除了这两种你觉得还有什么吃的也是中国人非常喜欢的?”
这类题目没有明确的选择,考生需要根据自己的观点进行自由回答,表达自己的看法。
2. 非开放式问题(Closed-ended Questions)
例子 1:
“中国人爱吃的本土主食有很多,有些人觉得米饭好吃,有些人觉得面条好吃,你觉得哪种好吃?”
这种问题有一个特定的选项,考生需要在两个选项之间进行选择,并给出自己的理由。
例子 2:
“中国人爱吃的本土主食有很多,因此有人认为中国不需要主营别国主食的餐厅,你觉得呢?”
这种问题通常会给出一个背景或观点,考生需要表达对该观点的看法,并提供支持或反驳的理由。
总结:
- 开放式问题允许考生更自由地发挥,回答时可以更加个性化。不好写(因为用不上两个学生了)
- 非开放式问题则要求考生从给定的选项中做出选择,并围绕选择展开论述。
开放式:
题干内容如下:
Your professor is teaching a class on economics. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response you should:
- express and support your opinion
- make a contribution to the discussion
An effective response will contain at least 100 words. You will have 10 minutes to write it.
Dr. Achebe
When people are asked about the most important discoveries or inventions made in the last two hundred years, they usually mention something very obvious, like the computer or the cell phone. But there are thousands of other discoveries or inventions that have had a huge impact on how we live today.
What scientific discovery or technological invention from the last two hundred years—other than computers and cell phones—would you choose as being important? Why?
Paul
I mean, we’re so used to science and technology that we are not even aware of all the things we use in our daily lives. I would probably choose space satellites. This technology happened in the last hundred years, and it has become important for so many things. Just think about navigation, or telecommunications, or even the military.
Claire
I am thinking about medical progress. Like, for example, when scientists discovered things about healthy nutrition. I am thinking of identifying all the vitamins we need to stay healthy. I am not sure exactly when the vitamin discoveries happened, but I know they are very important. Our health is much better than it was 200 years ago.
互联网?:不好写,容易写到手机与电脑的优点上去。
ETS满分答案分析
In the past 200 years, tons of scientific discoveries or technological inventions have been shown to the world(Introduction,一下子想到就写,想不到不要纠结浪费时间). If I had to choose one in particular, it will probably be vaccine or antibiotics. With Pasteur's work and discoveries, the world changed in a way people couldn't imagine. 过去So many people were dying really young because at that time life's conditions were not as good as the one we have now. 现在With vaccine, we could now irradiate diseases that were killing millions of people, we learn so much about the immune system and ways our body was reacting to pathogens and the answers he could produce to defend us against it. 未来Medicine evolved so much and keeps evolving every day because scientists are curious to understand how our body is working and how he is able to communicate with our environment. People aged 40 are now not that old and still have a really long life to live and enjoy when 2 centuries ago it was synonymous of 80% chance of dying.
(采用时间对比)
范文2:
I think both inventions mentioned by Paul and Claire are crucial to human beings, but from where I stand, I believe the subway is a relatively significant invention as it has made our commuting much more convenient. Just imagine, before its invention, if someone wanted to commute in the city, their only option might have been a horse-drawn carriage, which couldn't arrive at the destination on time like the subway does, resulting in great inconvenience for people during that period. In contrast, modern subways not only offer the benefit of speed and being unaffected by surface traffic, but they also provide various means for us to know the arrival time, such as through mobile apps and station inquiries, giving commuters ample certainty. Interestingly enough, once most commuters become familiar with the subway's arrival times, they can allocate enough time for waking up and preparing, establishing a routine that may remain unchanged for years. In the future, there may be new commuting methods, but the position of the subway might be utterly difficult to shake.
开放式写作套路总结:
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对学生观点表示肯定作为引入
在写作的开头,可以先简短地表明你对他人观点的认同(也可以使用其它形式的引入)。例如:“我认为 Paul 和 Claire 提到的发明对于人类来说都非常重要。” -
给出自己的观点 A-B(1句)
在明确表达对他人观点的认同之后,可以简洁地提出你自己的观点,明确陈述你选择的事物或观点。比如:“然而,我认为地铁是更为重要的发明。” -
解释观点 A-B(两部分)
这一部分是写作的核心,需要对你提出的观点进行深入的解释。首先,可以从一个角度来解释,比如对比历史背景或者与其他发明的关系。然后,再进一步扩展,提供更多的细节或例子来支持你的论点。例如:“在过去,城市通勤的唯一方式可能是马车,这不仅耗时,而且受到交通拥堵的影响。而现代地铁不仅快速,还能够避免表面交通的影响,极大地提高了城市的交通效率。” -
总结(非必须)
如果你觉得需要,可以在最后进行简短的总结。这个部分并不是必须的,但可以增强文章的完整性和结论性,帮助读者回顾和加强你的论点。例如:“总的来说,地铁不仅在历史上推动了城市交通的发展,而且至今依然在许多城市发挥着不可替代的作用。”
扩展:
在开放式写作中,除了上面提到的结构外,还可以加入一些过渡词和句型来提高文章的流畅性和逻辑性。例如,使用**"In addition"、"Moreover"来连接不同的论点;用"On the other hand"、"In contrast"来提出不同观点;通过"For example"、"Such as"**来引出具体的例子。
此外,合理使用各种句型和词汇(如复杂句、被动语态等)可以提升文章的语言表达水平,使得文章不仅在内容上充实,语言上也更具多样性和深度。