【通信】考虑（配备大型天线阵列）和单天线用户设备的大规模 MIMO 系统附matlab代码

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最新推荐文章于 2023-09-12 15:55:26 发布

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1 内容介绍

由于大大提高了空间分辨率和阵列增益，大规模天线阵列的使用可以为无线系统带来能量和/或频谱效率的显着提高。大规模多输入多输出 (MIMO) 领域的最新工作表明，当基站 (BS) 上的天线数量增加时，用户信道会去相关，因此可以在用户间干扰很小的情况下实现强信号增益。由于这些结果依赖于渐近，因此研究常规系统模型在这种渐近状态下是否合理是很重要的。本文考虑了一种新的系统模型，该模型在 BS（配备大型天线阵列）和单天线用户设备 (UE) 处结合了通用收发器硬件损伤。与理想硬件的传统情况相反，我们表明硬件损伤会在信道估计精度和每个 UE 的下行链路/上行链路容量上产生有限的上限。令人惊讶的是，容量主要受 UE 的硬件限制，而大规模阵列中损伤的影响逐渐消失，用户间干扰（特别是导频污染）变得可以忽略不计。此外，我们证明了大规模 MIMO 提供的巨大自由度可用于降低发射功率和/或容忍更大的硬件损伤，从而允许使用廉价且节能的天线元件。

2 仿真代码

%This Matlab script can be used to generate Figure 4, in the article:

%Emil Bj鰎nson, Jakob Hoydis, Marios Kountouris, M閞ouane Debbah, 揗assive

%MIMO Systems with Non-Ideal Hardware: Energy Efficiency, Estimation, and

%Capacity Limits,?To appear in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

%Download article: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.2584

%This is version 1.0 (Last edited: 2014-08-26)

%License: This code is licensed under the GPLv2 license. If you in any way

%use this code for research that results in publications, please cite our

%original article listed above.

%Please note that the channels are generated randomly, thus the results

%will not be exactly the same as in the paper.

%Initialization

close all;

clear all;

%%Simulation parameters

rng('shuffle'); %Initiate the random number generators with a random seed

%%If rng('shuffle'); is not supported by your Matlab version, you can use

%%the following commands instead:

%randn('state',sum(100*clock));

N = 50; %Number of BS antennas

%Compute normalized channel covariance matrix R according to the exponential

%correlaton model in Eq. (17).

correlationFactor = 0.7;

R = toeplitz(correlationFactor.^(0:N-1));

%Maximal pilot length

Bmax = 10;

%Define the level of hardware impairments at the UE and BS

kappatUE = 0.05^2;

kapparBS = 0.05^2;

%Range of SNRs in simulation (we have normalized sigma2 to 1)

SNRdB = [5 30]; %In decibel scale

SNR = 10.^(SNRdB/10); %In linear scale

%%Initialize Monte Carlo simulations

%Number realizations in Monte Carlo simulations

nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations = 100000;

%Generate random realizations

h = sqrtm(R)*(randn(N,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations)+1i*randn(N,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations))/sqrt(2); %Generate channel realizations

etatBS = (randn(1,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,Bmax)+1i*randn(1,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,Bmax))/sqrt(2); %Generate distortion noise at transmitter (to be scaled by kappatUE)

etarUE = ( repmat(abs(h),[1 1 Bmax]) .* (randn(N,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,Bmax)+1i*randn(N,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,Bmax)))/sqrt(2); %Generate distortion noise at receiver (to be scaled by kapparBS)

nu = (randn(N,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,Bmax)+1i*randn(N,nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,Bmax))/sqrt(2); %Generate receiver realizations

%Placeholders for storing simulation results

normalizedMSE_corr_distortion = zeros(length(SNR),Bmax); %Normalized MSE for estimator in Eq. (15) for fully correlated distortion noise

normalizedMSE_uncorr_distortion = zeros(length(SNR),Bmax); %Normalized MSE for estimator in Eq. (15) for uncorrelated distortion noise

normalizedMSE_ideal = zeros(length(SNR),Bmax); %Normalized MSE for LMMSE estimator with ideal hardware

%Go through SNR values

for m = 1:length(SNR)

%Output the progress of the simulation

disp(['SNR: ' num2str(m) '/' num2str(length(SNR))]);

%Compute the pilot signal for the given SNR value

d = sqrt(SNR(m));

%Go through different pilot lengths

for B = 1:Bmax

%Compute matrix A in the LMMSE estimator (see Eq. (9))

A_LMMSE = conj(d) * R(1:N,1:N) / (abs(d)^2*(1+kappatUE)*R(1:N,1:N) + abs(d)^2*kapparBS*diag(diag(R(1:N,1:N)))+eye(N));

%Compute matrix A in the LMMSE estimator (see Eq. (9)) for ideal hardware

A_ideal = conj(d) * R(1:N,1:N) / (abs(d)^2*R(1:N,1:N) +eye(N));

%Placeholders for storing squared estimation errors at current SNR

errors_corr_distortion = zeros(nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,1);

errors_uncorr_distortion = zeros(nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,1);

errors_ideal = zeros(nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations,1);

%Go through all Monte Carlo realizations

for k = 1:nbrOfMonteCarloRealizations

%Compute received signals

z_corr = h(1:N,k) * ( d + abs(d)*sqrt(kappatUE)*etatBS(1,k,1) ) + abs(d)*sqrt(kapparBS)*etarUE(1:N,k,1) + sum(nu(1:N,k,1:B),3)/B;

z_uncorr = h(1:N,k) * ( d + abs(d)*sqrt(kappatUE)*sum(etatBS(1,k,1:B),3)/B ) + abs(d)*sqrt(kapparBS)*sum(etarUE(1:N,k,1:B),3)/B + sum(nu(1:N,k,1:B),3)/B;

z_ideal = h(1:N,k) * d + sum(nu(1:N,k,1:B),3)/B;

%Compute channel estimates

hhat_corr = A_LMMSE*z_corr;

hhat_uncorr = A_LMMSE*z_uncorr;

hhat_ideal = A_ideal*z_ideal;

%Compute the squared norms of the channel estimation errors

errors_corr_distortion(k) = norm(hhat_corr - h(1:N,k)).^2/N;

errors_uncorr_distortion(k) = norm(hhat_uncorr - h(1:N,k)).^2/N;

errors_ideal(k) = norm(hhat_ideal - h(1:N,k)).^2/N;

end

%Compute normalized MSEs as the average of the squared norms of the

%estimation errors over the Monte Carlo realizations

normalizedMSE_corr_distortion(m,B) = mean(errors_corr_distortion);

normalizedMSE_uncorr_distortion(m,B) = mean(errors_uncorr_distortion);

normalizedMSE_ideal(m,B) = mean(errors_ideal);

end

%Plot Figure 4 from the paper

figure; hold on; box on;

for m = 1:length(SNR)

plot(1:Bmax,normalizedMSE_corr_distortion(m,:),'ro-','LineWidth',1);

plot(1:Bmax,normalizedMSE_uncorr_distortion(m,:),'bd-.','LineWidth',1);

plot(1:Bmax,normalizedMSE_ideal(m,:),'k*--','LineWidth',1);

end

set(gca,'YScale','log');

xlabel('Pilot Length (B)');

ylabel('Relative Estimation Error per Antenna');

legend('Fully-Correlated Distortion Noise','Uncorrelated Distortion Noise','Ideal Hardware','Location','NorthEast');

3 运行结果

4 参考文献

[1] Bjornson E , Hoydis J , Kountouris M , et al. Massive MIMO Systems With Non-Ideal Hardware: Energy Efficiency, Estimation, and Capacity Limits[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2013, 60(11):7112-7139.