1、绝对值不等式
求和的绝对值≤绝对值的求和
∣
a
1
+
⋯
+
a
n
∣
≤
∣
a
1
∣
+
⋯
+
∣
a
n
∣
|a_1+\cdots +a_n|≤|a_1|+\cdots+|a_n|
∣a1+⋯+an∣≤∣a1∣+⋯+∣an∣
即:
∣
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
∣
≤
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
)
|\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i|≤(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2)
∣i=1∑nai∣≤(i=1∑nai2)
2、Cauchy(柯西)不等式
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
2
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
(1)
(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i)^2≤\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_i^2\tag{1}
(i=1∑naibi)2≤i=1∑nai2i=1∑nbi2(1)
⇔
∣
<
a
,
b
>
∣
≤
∣
∣
a
∣
∣
⋅
∣
∣
b
∣
∣
\Leftrightarrow|<a,b>|≤||a||·||b||
⇔∣<a,b>∣≤∣∣a∣∣⋅∣∣b∣∣
证明1:
式(1)右边-左边
=
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
−
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
2
=\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_i^2-(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i)^2
=i=1∑nai2i=1∑nbi2−(i=1∑naibi)2
=
∑
i
,
j
n
(
a
i
b
j
−
a
j
b
i
)
2
=\displaystyle\sum_{i,j}^{n}(a_ib_j-a_jb_i)^2
=i,j∑n(aibj−ajbi)2
≥
0
≥0
≥0
不等式成立。
证明2:
显而易见,
∀
λ
≥
0
,
∑
i
=
1
n
(
a
i
−
λ
b
i
)
2
≥
0
\forall \lambda ≥0,\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}(a_i-\lambda b_i)^2≥0
∀λ≥0,i=1∑n(ai−λbi)2≥0
⇒
∑
i
=
1
n
(
a
i
2
−
2
a
i
b
i
λ
+
b
i
2
λ
2
)
≥
0
\Rightarrow\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}(a_i^2-2a_ib_i\lambda+ b_i^2\lambda^2)≥0
⇒i=1∑n(ai2−2aibiλ+bi2λ2)≥0
⇒
(
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
)
λ
2
−
2
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
λ
+
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
≥
0
\Rightarrow(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_i^2)\lambda^2-2(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i)\lambda+\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2≥0
⇒(i=1∑nbi2)λ2−2(i=1∑naibi)λ+i=1∑nai2≥0
记
f
(
λ
)
=
(
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
)
λ
2
−
2
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
λ
+
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
f(\lambda)=(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_i^2)\lambda^2-2(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i)\lambda+\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2
f(λ)=(i=1∑nbi2)λ2−2(i=1∑naibi)λ+i=1∑nai2,它是一个二次函数,
f
(
λ
)
≥
0
f(\lambda)≥0
f(λ)≥0,则方程
f
(
λ
)
=
0
f(\lambda)=0
f(λ)=0根的判别式≤0。
即:
b
2
−
4
a
c
b^2-4ac
b2−4ac
=
4
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
2
−
4
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
≤
0
=4(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i)^2-4\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_i^2≤0
=4(i=1∑naibi)2−4i=1∑nai2i=1∑nbi2≤0
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
b
i
)
2
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
2
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
2
(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_ib_i)^2≤\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i^2\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_i^2
(i=1∑naibi)2≤i=1∑nai2i=1∑nbi2
判别式:判定方程实根个数及分布情况的公式。
对于一元二次方程 a x 2 + b x + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0 ) ax^2+bx+c=0(a≠0) ax2+bx+c=0(a=0)来说,根的判别式为 Δ = b 2 − 4 a c \Delta =b^2-4ac Δ=b2−4ac,
①当方程有两个不相等的实数根时, Δ \Delta Δ>0;
②当方程有两个相等的实数根时, Δ \Delta Δ=0;
③当方程没有实数根时, Δ \Delta Δ<0。
3、算术-几何平均不等式
给定一组数:
a
1
,
⋯
,
a
n
a_1,\cdots,a_n
a1,⋯,an
算术平均值为
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
)
/
n
(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i)/n
(i=1∑nai)/n
几何平均值为
(
∏
i
=
1
n
a
i
)
1
n
(\displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^{n}a_i)^{\frac{1}{n}}
(i=1∏nai)n1
算术-几何平均不等式:
1
n
(
∑
i
=
1
n
a
i
)
≥
(
∏
i
=
1
n
a
i
)
1
n
\frac{1}{n}(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_i)≥(\displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^{n}a_i)^{\frac{1}{n}}
n1(i=1∑nai)≥(i=1∏nai)n1
证明:
当
n
=
2
n=2
n=2时,
1
2
(
a
1
+
a
2
)
≥
a
1
a
2
\frac{1}{2}(a_1+a_2)≥\sqrt{a_1a_2}
21(a1+a2)≥a1a2
⇔
(
a
1
+
a
2
)
2
≥
4
a
1
a
2
\Leftrightarrow(a_1+a_2)^2≥4a_1a_2
⇔(a1+a2)2≥4a1a2
⇔
(
a
1
−
a
2
)
2
≥
0
\Leftrightarrow(a_1-a_2)^2≥0
⇔(a1−a2)2≥0
当
n
=
3
n=3
n=3时,
1
3
(
a
1
+
a
2
+
a
3
)
≥
(
a
1
a
2
a
3
)
1
3
\frac{1}{3}(a_1+a_2+a_3)≥(a_1a_2a_3)^{\frac{1}{3}}
31(a1+a2+a3)≥(a1a2a3)31
⇔
x
3
+
y
3
+
z
3
≥
3
x
y
z
\Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3≥3xyz
⇔x3+y3+z3≥3xyz
⇔
(
x
+
y
+
z
)
[
(
x
−
y
)
2
+
(
y
−
z
)
2
+
(
z
−
x
)
2
]
≥
0
\Leftrightarrow (x+y+z)[(x-y)^2+(y-z)^2+(z-x)^2]≥0
⇔(x+y+z)[(x−y)2+(y−z)2+(z−x)2]≥0