Python基于YOLOv8和OpenCV实现车道线和车辆检测

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已于 2025-01-09 16:48:04 修改

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分类专栏：计算机视觉文章标签： YOLO opencv 计算机视觉 python

于 2025-01-09 16:13:40 首次发布

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使用YOLOv8（You Only Look Once）和OpenCV实现车道线和车辆检测，目标是创建一个可以检测道路上的车道并识别车辆的系统，并估计它们与摄像头的距离。该项目结合了计算机视觉技术和深度学习物体检测。

1、系统主要功能

车道检测：使用边缘检测和霍夫线变换检测道路车道。
汽车检测：使用 YOLOv8 模型识别汽车并在汽车周围绘制边界框。
距离估计：使用边界框大小计算检测到的汽车与摄像头的距离。

2、环境要求

OpenCV：用于图像处理和车道检测。
Ultralytics YOLOv8：用于车辆检测。
NumPy：用于数组操作。

pip install opencv-python-headless numpy ultralytics

opencv-python 和 opencv-python-headless 区别是 OpenCV 的 Python 包，主要区别在于是否包含 GUI 相关的功能。

`opencv-python`

包含 GUI 功能：支持窗口显示、鼠标事件等图形界面操作。
依赖：需要 GUI 库（如 GTK、Qt）支持。
适用场景：适用于需要显示图像或与用户交互的环境，如桌面应用。

`opencv-python-headless`

不包含 GUI 功能：去除了窗口显示和用户交互功能。
依赖：无需 GUI 库，适合无图形界面的环境。
适用场景：适用于服务器或无图形界面的环境，如远程服务器、Docker 容器。

`选择建议`

如果需要显示图像或与用户交互，选择 opencv-python。
如果仅需图像处理且无图形界面需求，选择 opencv-python-headless。

3、代码

import cv2
import numpy as np
import math
import time
from ultralytics import YOLO  # YOLOv8 module

# Function to mask out the region of interest
def region_of_interest(img, vertices):
    mask = np.zeros_like(img)
    match_mask_color = 255
    cv2.fillPoly(mask, vertices, match_mask_color)
    masked_image = cv2.bitwise_and(img, mask)
    return masked_image

# Function to draw the filled polygon between the lane lines
def draw_lane_lines(img, left_line, right_line, color=[0, 255, 0], thickness=10):
    line_img = np.zeros_like(img)
    poly_pts = np.array([[
        (left_line[0], left_line[1]),
        (left_line[2], left_line[3]),
        (right_line[2], right_line[3]),
        (right_line[0], right_line[1])
    ]], dtype=np.int32)
    
    # Fill the polygon between the lines
    cv2.fillPoly(line_img, poly_pts, color)
    
    # Overlay the polygon onto the original image
    img = cv2.addWeighted(img, 0.8, line_img, 0.5, 0.0)
    return img

# The lane detection pipeline
def pipeline(image):
    height = image.shape[0]
    width = image.shape[1]
    region_of_interest_vertices = [
        (0, height),
        (width / 2, height / 2),
        (width, height),
    ]

    # Convert to grayscale and apply Canny edge detection
    gray_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
    cannyed_image = cv2.Canny(gray_image, 100, 200)

    # Mask out the region of interest
    cropped_image = region_of_interest(
        cannyed_image,
        np.array([region_of_interest_vertices], np.int32)
    )

    # Perform Hough Line Transformation to detect lines
    lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(
        cropped_image,
        rho=6,
        theta=np.pi / 60,
        threshold=160,
        lines=np.array([]),
        minLineLength=40,
        maxLineGap=25
    )

    # Separating left and right lines based on slope
    left_line_x = []
    left_line_y = []
    right_line_x = []
    right_line_y = []

    if lines is None:
        return image

    for line in lines:
        for x1, y1, x2, y2 in line:
            slope = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1) if (x2 - x1) != 0 else 0
            if math.fabs(slope) < 0.5:  # Ignore nearly horizontal lines
                continue
            if slope <= 0:  # Left lane
                left_line_x.extend([x1, x2])
                left_line_y.extend([y1, y2])
            else:  # Right lane
                right_line_x.extend([x1, x2])
                right_line_y.extend([y1, y2])

    # Fit a linear polynomial to the left and right lines
    min_y = int(image.shape[0] * (3 / 5))  # Slightly below the middle of the image
    max_y = image.shape[0]  # Bottom of the image

    if left_line_x and left_line_y:
        poly_left = np.poly1d(np.polyfit(left_line_y, left_line_x, deg=1))
        left_x_start = int(poly_left(max_y))
        left_x_end = int(poly_left(min_y))
    else:
        left_x_start, left_x_end = 0, 0  # Defaults if no lines detected

    if right_line_x and right_line_y:
        poly_right = np.poly1d(np.polyfit(right_line_y, right_line_x, deg=1))
        right_x_start = int(poly_right(max_y))
        right_x_end = int(poly_right(min_y))
    else:
        right_x_start, right_x_end = 0, 0  # Defaults if no lines detected

    # Create the filled polygon between the left and right lane lines
    lane_image = draw_lane_lines(
        image,
        [left_x_start, max_y, left_x_end, min_y],
        [right_x_start, max_y, right_x_end, min_y]
    )

    return lane_image

# Function to estimate distance based on bounding box size
def estimate_distance(bbox_width, bbox_height):
    # For simplicity, assume the distance is inversely proportional to the box size
    # This is a basic estimation, you may use camera calibration for more accuracy
    focal_length = 1000  # Example focal length, modify based on camera setup
    known_width = 2.0  # Approximate width of the car (in meters)
    distance = (known_width * focal_length) / bbox_width  # Basic distance estimation
    return distance

# Main function to read and process video with YOLOv8
def process_video():
    # Load the YOLOv8 model
    model = YOLO('weights/yolov8n.pt')
    # 或者加载官方模型
    # model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")  # load an official model

    # Open the video file
    cap = cv2.VideoCapture('video/video.mp4')

    # Check if video opened successfully
    if not cap.isOpened():
        print("Error: Unable to open video file.")
        return

    # Set the desired frame rate
    target_fps = 30
    frame_time = 1.0 / target_fps  # Time per frame to maintain 30fps

    # Resize to 720p (1280x720)
    cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, 1280)
    cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, 720)

    # Loop through each frame
    while cap.isOpened():
        ret, frame = cap.read()

        if not ret:
            break

        # Resize frame to 720p
        resized_frame = cv2.resize(frame, (1280, 720))

        # Run the lane detection pipeline
        lane_frame = pipeline(resized_frame)

        # Run YOLOv8 to detect cars in the current frame
        results = model(resized_frame)

        # Process the detections from YOLOv8
        for result in results:
            boxes = result.boxes
            for box in boxes:
                x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int, box.xyxy[0])  # Bounding box coordinates
                conf = box.conf[0]  # Confidence score
                cls = int(box.cls[0])  # Class ID

                # Only draw bounding boxes for cars with confidence >= 0.5
                if model.names[cls] == 'car' and conf >= 0.5:
                    label = f'{model.names[cls]} {conf:.2f}'

                    # Draw the bounding box
                    cv2.rectangle(lane_frame, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 255), 2)
                    cv2.putText(lane_frame, label, (x1, y1 - 10),
                                cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, (0, 255, 255), 2)

                    # Estimate the distance of the car
                    bbox_width = x2 - x1
                    bbox_height = y2 - y1
                    distance = estimate_distance(bbox_width, bbox_height)

                    # Display the estimated distance
                    distance_label = f'Distance: {distance:.2f}m'
                    cv2.putText(lane_frame, distance_label, (x1, y2 + 20),
                                cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, (255, 0, 0), 2)

        # Display the resulting frame with both lane detection and car detection
        cv2.imshow('Lane and Car Detection', lane_frame)

        # Limit the frame rate to 30fps
        time.sleep(frame_time)

        # Break the loop when 'q' is pressed
        if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
            break

    # Release video capture and close windows
    cap.release()
    cv2.destroyAllWindows()

# Run the video processing function
process_video()

4、工作原理

4.1 车道线检测 Pipeline

车道线检测包括一下几个步骤:

Step 1: 屏蔽感兴趣区域（ROI）
只处理图像的下半部分（车道线通常是可见的）。

def region_of_interest(img, vertices):
    mask = np.zeros_like(img)
    match_mask_color = 255
    cv2.fillPoly(mask, vertices, match_mask_color)
    masked_image = cv2.bitwise_and(img, mask)
    return masked_image

Step 2: 使用Canny进行边缘检测
将图像转换为灰度，并应用Canny边缘检测来突出显示边缘。

gray_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
cannyed_image = cv2.Canny(gray_image, 100, 200)

Step 3: 霍夫线变换
霍夫线变换用于检测当前车道的线段。

lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(
    cropped_image,
    rho=6,
    theta=np.pi / 60,
    threshold=160,
    lines=np.array([]),
    minLineLength=40,
    maxLineGap=25
)

4.2 使用YOLOv8进行车辆检测

Step 1: 加载YOLOv8模型
我们使用预训练的YOLOv8模型来检测每一帧中的汽车（或者使用官方提供的模型）。

from ultralytics import YOLO
model = YOLO('weights/yolov8n.pt')
# model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt') #官方提供的模型

Step 2: 绘制边界框
对于每一辆检测到的汽车，绘制边界框，并显示类名（汽车）和置信度分数。

for box in boxes:
    x1, y1, x2, y2 = map(int, box.xyxy[0])
    conf = box.conf[0]
    if model.names[cls] == 'car' and conf >= 0.5:
        label = f'{model.names[cls]} {conf:.2f}'
        cv2.rectangle(lane_frame, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 255), 2)
        cv2.putText(lane_frame, label, (x1, y1 - 10), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, (0, 255, 255), 2)

Step 3:. 距离估计
根据边界框的大小估计到每辆检测到的汽车的距离。

def estimate_distance(bbox_width, bbox_height):
    focal_length = 1000  # Example focal length
    known_width = 2.0  # Approximate width of a car (in meters)
    distance = (known_width * focal_length) / bbox_width
    return distance

Step 4:. 视频处理 Pipeline
将车道检测、车辆检测和距离估计结合到一个实时视频处理pipeline中。

while cap.isOpened():
    ret, frame = cap.read()
    if not ret:
        break
    lane_frame = pipeline(resized_frame)
    results = model(resized_frame)
    for result in results:
        # Draw bounding boxes and estimate distance
    cv2.imshow('Lane and Car Detection', lane_frame)
    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
        break