【C++】内联函数与宏定义的区别

内联函数

内联函数和常规函数一样，也是按值来传递参数的。例如，如果参数为表达式，如4.5+7.5，则函数将传递表达式的值（这里为12）。

#include <iostream>

inline double square(double x) { return x * x; }

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    double a, b;
    double c = 13.0;

    a = square(5.0);
    b = square(4.5 + 7.5); // can pass expressions
    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
    cout << "c = " << c;
    cout << ", c squared = " << square(c++) << "\n";
    cout << "Now c = " << c << "\n";
    return 0;
}

结果如下：

a = 25, b = 144
c = 13, c squared = 169
Now c = 14

宏定义

宏不是通过传递参数实现的，而是通过文本替换来实现的。

#include <iostream>

#define SQUARE(X) X*X

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    double a, b;
    double c = 13.0;
    a = SQUARE(5.0);
    b = SQUARE(4.5 + 7.5); // cannot pass expressions
    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
    cout << "c = " << c;
    cout << ", c squared = " << SQUARE(c++) << "\n";
    cout << "Now c = " << c << "\n";
    return 0;
}

结果如下：

a = 25, b = 45.75
c = 13, c squared = 182
Now c = 15

在这里，SQUARE(5.0)表示5.0 * 5.0；SQUARE(4.5 + 7.5)表示4.5 + 7.5 * 4.5 + 7.5；SQUARE(c++)表示c++ * c++。

值得注意的是，当c = 13.0时，c++ * c++的计算流程为：

1. 把c = 13.0代入乘号左侧；
2. 执行c = c + 1操作，此时c = 14.0；
3. 把c = 14.0代入乘号右侧；
4. 执行乘法运算，得到结果182；
5. 执行c = c + 1操作，此时c = 15.0。