D3D11之一，初始化窗口

     本来不打算写11的学习过程的，但是发现网上用VS2015写D3D11的教程少之又少，大多还是用旧的IDE，和旧的SDK还有数学库之类的，而Tutorial上对于VS2015教程又不全。故而在这里记录一下自己的学习过程，让若干年以后能回头看看自己的学习过程。

正题：

The Framework：虽然Tutorial上有，但是还是要自己动手画一画(画图工具ProcessOn)

框架还是比较简单的，直接给出代码吧(当然代码Tutorial上也有)。代码中该有的注释还是有的，有疑问请留言

graphicsclass.h

#pragma once
#include <windows.h>



const bool FULL_SCREEN = false;
const bool VSYNC_ENABLED = true;
const float SCREEN_DEPTH = 1000.0f;
const float SCREEN_NEAR = 0.1f;
class GraphicsClass
{
public:
	GraphicsClass();
	GraphicsClass(const GraphicsClass&);
	~GraphicsClass();

	bool Initialize(int, int, HWND);
	void Shutdown();
	bool Frame();

private:
	bool Render();

private:

};

graphicsclass.cpp

#include "graphicsclass.h"


GraphicsClass::GraphicsClass()
{
}


GraphicsClass::GraphicsClass(const GraphicsClass& other)
{
}


GraphicsClass::~GraphicsClass()
{
}


bool GraphicsClass::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd)
{

	return true;
}


void GraphicsClass::Shutdown()
{

	return;
}


bool GraphicsClass::Frame()
{

	return true;
}


bool GraphicsClass::Render()
{

	return true;
}

inputclass.h

#pragma once
class InputClass
{
public:
	InputClass();
	InputClass(const InputClass&);
	~InputClass();

	void Initialize();

	void KeyDown(unsigned int);
	void KeyUp(unsigned int);

	bool IsKeyDown(unsigned int);

private:
	bool m_keys[256];
};

inputclass.cpp

#include "inputclass.h"


InputClass::InputClass()
{
}


InputClass::InputClass(const InputClass& other)
{
}


InputClass::~InputClass()
{
}


void InputClass::Initialize()
{
	int i;


	// Initialize all the keys to being released and not pressed.
	for (i = 0; i<256; i++)
	{
		m_keys[i] = false;
	}

	return;
}


void InputClass::KeyDown(unsigned int input)
{
	// If a key is pressed then save that state in the key array.
	m_keys[input] = true;
	return;
}


void InputClass::KeyUp(unsigned int input)
{
	// If a key is released then clear that state in the key array.
	m_keys[input] = false;
	return;
}


bool InputClass::IsKeyDown(unsigned int key)
{
	// Return what state the key is in (pressed/not pressed).
	return m_keys[key];
}

systemclass.h

#pragma once
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN //作用是可以通过预处理来关闭掉一些<window.h>种不太常用的系统接口或参数,加快编译速度

#include<Windows.h>
#include "inputclass.h"
#include "graphicsclass.h"
class SystemClass
{
public:
	SystemClass();
	SystemClass(const SystemClass&);
	~SystemClass();

	bool Initialize();
	void Shutdown();
	void Run();

	LRESULT CALLBACK MessageHandler(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);//处理运行时发送给应用程序的windows系统消息

private:
	bool Frame();
	void InitializeWindows(int&, int&);
	void ShutdownWindows();

private:
	LPCWSTR m_applicationName;
	HINSTANCE m_hinstance;
	HWND m_hwnd;

	InputClass* m_Input;
	GraphicsClass* m_Graphics;
};
/
// FUNCTION PROTOTYPES //
/
static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);


/
// GLOBALS //
/
static SystemClass* ApplicationHandle = 0;

systemclass.cpp

#include "systemclass.h"
SystemClass::SystemClass()
{
	m_Input = 0;
	m_Graphics = 0;
}
SystemClass::SystemClass(const SystemClass& other)
{
}


SystemClass::~SystemClass()
{
}
bool SystemClass::Initialize()
{
	int screenWidth, screenHeight;
	bool result;


	// Initialize the width and height of the screen to zero before sending the variables into the function.
	screenWidth = 0;
	screenHeight = 0;

	// Initialize the windows api.
	InitializeWindows(screenWidth, screenHeight);

	// Create the input object.  This object will be used to handle reading the keyboard input from the user.
	m_Input = new InputClass;
	if (!m_Input)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the input object.
	m_Input->Initialize();

	// Create the graphics object.  This object will handle rendering all the graphics for this application.
	m_Graphics = new GraphicsClass;
	if (!m_Graphics)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the graphics object.
	result = m_Graphics->Initialize(screenWidth, screenHeight, m_hwnd);
	if (!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}
void SystemClass::Shutdown()
{
	// Release the graphics object.
	if (m_Graphics)
	{
		m_Graphics->Shutdown();
		delete m_Graphics;
		m_Graphics = 0;
	}

	// Release the input object.
	if (m_Input)
	{
		delete m_Input;
		m_Input = 0;
	}

	// Shutdown the window.
	ShutdownWindows();

	return;
}
void SystemClass::Run()
{
	MSG msg;
	bool done, result;


	// Initialize the message structure.
	ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));

	// Loop until there is a quit message from the window or the user.
	done = false;
	while (!done)
	{
		// Handle the windows messages.
		if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
		{
			TranslateMessage(&msg);
			DispatchMessage(&msg);
		}

		// If windows signals to end the application then exit out.
		if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
		{
			done = true;
		}
		else
		{
			// Otherwise do the frame processing.
			result = Frame();
			if (!result)
			{
				done = true;
			}
		}

	}

	return;
}
bool SystemClass::Frame()
{
	bool result;


	// Check if the user pressed escape and wants to exit the application.
	if (m_Input->IsKeyDown(VK_ESCAPE))
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Do the frame processing for the graphics object.
	result = m_Graphics->Frame();
	if (!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK SystemClass::MessageHandler(HWND hwnd, UINT umsg, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam)
{
	switch (umsg)
	{
		// Check if a key has been pressed on the keyboard.
	case WM_KEYDOWN:
	{
		// If a key is pressed send it to the input object so it can record that state.
		m_Input->KeyDown((unsigned int)wparam);
		return 0;
	}

	// Check if a key has been released on the keyboard.
	case WM_KEYUP:
	{
		// If a key is released then send it to the input object so it can unset the state for that key.
		m_Input->KeyUp((unsigned int)wparam);
		return 0;
	}

	// Any other messages send to the default message handler as our application won't make use of them.
	default:
	{
		return DefWindowProc(hwnd, umsg, wparam, lparam);
	}
	}
}
void SystemClass::InitializeWindows(int& screenWidth, int& screenHeight)
{
	WNDCLASSEX wc;
	DEVMODE dmScreenSettings;
	int posX, posY;


	// Get an external pointer to this object.	
	ApplicationHandle = this;

	// Get the instance of this application.
	m_hinstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

	// Give the application a name.
	m_applicationName = L"Engine";

	// Setup the windows class with default settings.
	wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC;
	wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
	wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
	wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
	wc.hInstance = m_hinstance;
	wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO);
	wc.hIconSm = wc.hIcon;
	wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
	wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
	wc.lpszClassName = m_applicationName;
	wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);

	// Register the window class.
	RegisterClassEx(&wc);

	// Determine the resolution of the clients desktop screen.设置分辨率
	screenWidth = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN);
	screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);

	// Setup the screen settings depending on whether it is running in full screen or in windowed mode.
	if (FULL_SCREEN)//全屏设置
	{
		// If full screen set the screen to maximum size of the users desktop and 32bit.
		memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings));
		dmScreenSettings.dmSize = sizeof(dmScreenSettings);
		dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = (unsigned long)screenWidth;
		dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = (unsigned long)screenHeight;
		dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = 32;
		dmScreenSettings.dmFields = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT;

		// Change the display settings to full screen.
		ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN);

		// Set the position of the window to the top left corner.
		posX = posY = 0;
	}
	else//窗口化设置
	{
		// If windowed then set it to 800x600 resolution.
		screenWidth = 1200;
		screenHeight = 800;

		// Place the window in the middle of the screen.
		posX = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - screenWidth) / 2;
		posY = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - screenHeight) / 2;
	}

	// Create the window with the screen settings and get the handle to it.
	m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, m_applicationName, m_applicationName,
		WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_POPUP,
		posX, posY, screenWidth, screenHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hinstance, NULL);

	// Bring the window up on the screen and set it as main focus.
	ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOW);
	SetForegroundWindow(m_hwnd);
	SetFocus(m_hwnd);

	// Hide the mouse cursor.
	ShowCursor(false);//是否隐藏鼠标

	return;
}
void SystemClass::ShutdownWindows()
{
	// Show the mouse cursor.
	ShowCursor(true);

	// Fix the display settings if leaving full screen mode.
	if (FULL_SCREEN)
	{
		ChangeDisplaySettings(NULL, 0);
	}

	// Remove the window.
	DestroyWindow(m_hwnd);
	m_hwnd = NULL;

	// Remove the application instance.
	UnregisterClass(m_applicationName, m_hinstance);
	m_hinstance = NULL;

	// Release the pointer to this class.
	ApplicationHandle = NULL;

	return;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT umessage, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam)
{
	switch (umessage)
	{
		// Check if the window is being destroyed.
	case WM_DESTROY:
	{
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	// Check if the window is being closed.
	case WM_CLOSE:
	{
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		return 0;
	}

	// All other messages pass to the message handler in the system class.
	default:
	{
		return ApplicationHandle->MessageHandler(hwnd, umessage, wparam, lparam);
	}
	}
}

main.cpp

#include "systemclass.h"
//首先创建系统类，然后初始化它，如果初始化没问题，调用Run函数，运行循环，执行完后，关闭系统并清理对象

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR pScmdline, int iCmdshow)
{
	SystemClass* System;
	bool result;


	// Create the system object.
	System = new SystemClass;
	if (!System)
	{
		return 0;
	}

	// Initialize and run the system object.
	result = System->Initialize();
	if (result)
	{
		System->Run();
	}

	// Shutdown and release the system object.
	System->Shutdown();
	delete System;
	System = 0;

	return 0;
}

运行得到黑色的框框：