一、两向量的数量积
数量积:
a
⋅
b
=
∣
a
∣
∣
b
∣
cos
θ
,
a
⋅
a
=
∣
a
∣
2
\boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol b=|\boldsymbol a||\boldsymbol b| \cos \theta, \quad \boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol a=|\boldsymbol a|^2
a⋅b=∣a∣∣b∣cosθ,a⋅a=∣a∣2
交换律:
a
⋅
b
=
b
⋅
a
\boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol b=\boldsymbol b \cdot \boldsymbol a
a⋅b=b⋅a
分配律:
(
a
+
b
)
⋅
c
=
a
⋅
c
+
b
⋅
c
(\boldsymbol a + \boldsymbol b)\cdot \boldsymbol c=\boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol c+ \boldsymbol b \cdot \boldsymbol c
(a+b)⋅c=a⋅c+b⋅c
结合律:
(
λ
a
)
⋅
b
=
λ
(
a
⋅
b
)
(\lambda \boldsymbol a) \cdot \boldsymbol b=\lambda (\boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol b)
(λa)⋅b=λ(a⋅b)
坐标表示:
a
⋅
b
=
(
a
x
b
x
+
a
y
b
y
+
a
z
b
z
)
\boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol b=(a_xb_x+a_yb_y+a_zb_z)
a⋅b=(axbx+ayby+azbz)
几何意义:两向量的数量积等于一个向量的模和另一向量在这向量的方向上的投影的乘积。
a
⋅
b
=
∣
a
∣
P
r
j
a
b
=
∣
b
∣
P
r
j
b
a
\quad \boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol b=|\boldsymbol a|Prj_a \boldsymbol b =|\boldsymbol b|Prj_b \boldsymbol a
a⋅b=∣a∣Prjab=∣b∣Prjba
向量
a
⊥
b
\boldsymbol a \bot \boldsymbol b
a⊥b的充分必要条件:
a
⋅
b
=
0
\boldsymbol a \cdot \boldsymbol b=0
a⋅b=0
二、两向量的向量积
向量积:
a
×
b
=
c
,
a
×
a
=
0
\boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol b = \boldsymbol c, \quad \boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol a=\boldsymbol 0
a×b=c,a×a=0
反交换律:
a
×
b
=
−
b
×
a
\boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol b=-\boldsymbol b \times \boldsymbol a
a×b=−b×a
分配律:
(
a
+
b
)
×
c
=
a
×
c
+
b
×
c
( \boldsymbol a + \boldsymbol b) \times \boldsymbol c=\boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol c + \boldsymbol b \times\boldsymbol c
(a+b)×c=a×c+b×c
结合律:
(
λ
a
)
×
b
=
a
×
(
λ
b
)
=
λ
(
a
×
b
)
(\lambda \boldsymbol a) \times \boldsymbol b =\boldsymbol a \times (\lambda \boldsymbol b) = \lambda (\boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol b)
(λa)×b=a×(λb)=λ(a×b)
坐标表达式:
a
×
b
=
(
a
y
b
z
−
a
z
b
y
)
i
+
(
a
z
b
x
−
a
x
b
z
)
j
+
(
a
x
b
y
−
a
y
b
x
)
k
=
∣
i
j
k
a
x
a
y
a
z
b
x
b
y
b
z
∣
\boldsymbol a \times\boldsymbol b= (a_yb_z-a_zb_y)\boldsymbol i +(a_zb_x-a_xb_z)\boldsymbol j + (a_xb_y-a_yb_x)\boldsymbol k = \begin{vmatrix} i & j &k \\ a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \end{vmatrix}
a×b=(aybz−azby)i+(azbx−axbz)j+(axby−aybx)k=∣∣∣∣∣∣iaxbxjaybykazbz∣∣∣∣∣∣
几何意义:向量积的模等于以这两个向量为边的平行四边形的面积。
∣
c
∣
=
∣
a
∣
∣
b
∣
sin
θ
|\boldsymbol c|=|\boldsymbol a||\boldsymbol b| \sin \theta
∣c∣=∣a∣∣b∣sinθ
向量
a
∥
b
\boldsymbol a \parallel \boldsymbol b
a∥b的充分必要条件:
a
×
b
=
0
\boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol b=0
a×b=0
三、向量的混合积
混合积:
[
a
b
c
]
=
(
a
×
b
)
⋅
c
[\boldsymbol a \boldsymbol b \boldsymbol c]=(\boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol b) \cdot \boldsymbol c
[abc]=(a×b)⋅c
坐标表达式:
[
a
b
c
]
=
∣
a
x
a
y
a
z
b
x
b
y
b
z
c
x
c
y
c
z
∣
[\boldsymbol a \boldsymbol b \boldsymbol c] = \begin{vmatrix} a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \\ c_x & c_y & c_z \end{vmatrix}
[abc]=∣∣∣∣∣∣axbxcxaybycyazbzcz∣∣∣∣∣∣
几何意义:混合积的绝对值等于以这三个向量为棱的平行六面体的体积。
∣
[
a
b
c
]
∣
=
∣
a
×
b
∣
∣
c
∣
∣
cos
α
∣
|[\boldsymbol a \boldsymbol b \boldsymbol c]| = | \boldsymbol a \times \boldsymbol b | | \boldsymbol c||\cos \alpha |
∣[abc]∣=∣a×b∣∣c∣∣cosα∣
三向量
a
、
b
、
c
\boldsymbol a、 \boldsymbol b、 \boldsymbol c
a、b、c共面的充分必要条件:
[
a
b
c
]
=
0
[\boldsymbol a \boldsymbol b \boldsymbol c]=0
[abc]=0