Merriam-Webster's Vocabulary Builder 学习笔记 Unit 20

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Unit 20

6.8

[nom-]:"name"
- nominee：被任命者
- nominate：提名；任命；指定；推荐
- binomial：二项式（的）；二种名称（的）
- polynomial：adj. 多项式的,多词学名(指由两个以上的词构成的学名)的 n. 多项式,由2字以上组成的学名
- nominal：名义上的，有名无实的；(价格或款项)微不足道的，象征性的
  - (1) Existing in name or form only and not in reality. (2) So small as to be unimportant; insignificant.
- nomenclature：系统命名法
  - (1) A name or designation, or the act of naming. (2) A system of terms or symbols used in biology, where New Latin names are given to kinds and groups of animals and plants.
- ignominious：羞愧的，丢脸的，耻辱的，不光彩的，不名誉的；丢脸地，羞辱性的
  - (1) Marked with shame or disgrace; dishonorable. (2) Humiliating or degrading.
- misnomer：误称，用词不当
  - A wrong name, or the use of a wrong name.
[pater-/patr-]:"father"
- patron：赞助人
- patrician：贵族；(古罗马的)统治阶层成员；有贵族气派的
  - A person of high birth or of good breeding and cultivation; an aristocrat.
- patriarchy：父权制；父权社会
  - (1) A family, group, or government controlled by a man or a group of men. (2) A social system in which family members are related to each other through their fathers.
- expatriate：侨民，居住在国外的人（自愿，长期，非永久）
  - A person who has moved to a foreign land.
    - repatriate：遣返
- paternalistic：家长式作风的
  - Tending to supply the needs of or regulate the activities of those under one's control.
    - paternal：父亲的
    - maternal：母亲的
    - paternalism：家长式制度
[lega-]:"to appoint" or "to send as a deputy"
- legate：罗马教皇的使节
  - An official representative, such as an ambassador.
    - envoy：使节
- legacy：遗产；遗赠；事件或历史的）遗留问题
  - (1) Something left to a person in a will. (2) Something handed down by an ancestor or predecessor or received from the past.
- delegation：代表团
  - A group of people chosen to represent the interests or opinions of others.
    - delegate：n. 代表 v. 委托；任命
- relegate：降级；提交
  - (1) To remove or assign to a less important place. (2) To refer or hand over for decision or for carrying out.
[greg-]:"herd" or "flock"
- gregarious：合群的；群居的
- aggregate：汇集；总计（的），集合
  - A collection or sum of units or parts.
    - in (the) aggregate：整体上;总共
- congregation：（教堂的）会众；（从属某教堂并定期做礼拜的）教堂会众
  - (1) A gathering of people, especially for worship or religious instruction. (2) The membership of a church or temple.
- egregious：异乎寻常的；极坏的
  - Standing out, especially in a bad way; flagrant.
- segregate：（使）分开，分离，隔离；隔离并区别对待（不同种族、宗教或性别的人）
  - (1) To separate from others or from the general mass; isolate. (2) To separate along racial lines.
[flu-]:"to flow"
- flume：引水槽
- fluent：(说话、写作等)熟练的, 流畅的
- influence：
- fluid：流动的；流体
- affluence：富裕
  - An abundance of wealth.
    - affluent：富裕的
- effluent：废水，污水
  - Polluting waste material discharged into the environment.
- confluence：（事物的）汇合，汇聚，汇集；（河流的）汇合处
  - (1) A coming or flowing together at one point. (2) A place of meeting, especially of two streams.
- mellifluous：甜美流畅的；悦耳动听的
  - Flowing like honey; sweetened as if with honey.
[prehend-/prehens]:"to seize"
- prehensile：能抓住东西的；缠绕性的
  - Adapted for grasping, especially by wrapping around.
- apprehend：逮捕；理解，认识到
  - (1) Arrest, seize. (2) Understand.
    - apprehensive：担心的
    - apprehension：担心；逮捕；理解
- comprehend：理解, 领会；包括
  - (1) To grasp the meaning of; understand. (2) To take in or include.
    - conprehensive：综合
- reprehensible：应受斥责的;应该谴责的
  - Deserving stern criticism or blame.
    - reprehend：<正>斥责,指摘,责备
[temper-]:"to moderate or keep within limits" or "to mix."
- temperate：气候温和的，温带的；温和的；心平气和的；自我克制的
- temperature：气温，体温，温度
- temper：使缓和，使温和；暴脾气
  - To dilute, qualify, or soften by adding something more agreeable; to moderate.
    - temper justice with mercy：刚柔并济。
- temperance：节制(尤指饮食)；节欲；戒酒
  - (1) Moderation in satisfying appetites or passions. (2) The drinking of little or no alcohol.
- intemperate：不温和的；无节制的，过度的
  - Not moderate or mild; excessive, extreme.
- distemper：瘟热(一种危险的动物传染病，尤见于猫狗)；不高兴
  - (1) A highly contagious viral disease, especially of dogs. (2) A highly contagious and usually fatal viral disease, especially of cats, marked by the destruction of white blood cells.
- 【注】

temper justice with mercy 刚柔并济，用仁慈缓和司法的严正，使司法不至于不近人情

temper their natural enthusiasms with caution 年轻人对任何事情充满本能的热情，需要小心谨慎来缓和这种强烈的情感，不至于遇事一腔热情血太过于冲动

temper our honesty with sensitivity 学会察言观色，具有敏感性，不会让我们的诚实伤害到别人，要稍微委婉点，不然有什么说什么这种诚实会很难和别人相处

[purg-]:"to clean or cleanse"
- purge：净化（心灵、风气等）；清除，清洗（组织中的异己分子）
  - (1) To clear of guilt or sin. (2) To free of something unwanted or considered impure.
    - purgative：泻药
- expurgate：删除(书等中的)令人反感的成分；删去(不当处)
  - To cleanse of something morally harmful or offensive; to remove objectionable parts from.
    - expurgated：删减版
    - expurgation：消去,删去,廓清,修改
    - expurgator：削除者,修订者
- purgative：净化的；通便的；n. 泻药
  - (1) Cleansing or purifying, especially from sin. (2) Causing a significant looseness of the bowels.
- purgatory：炼狱, (在炼狱中的)涤罪；暂时受苦的地方, 暂时的苦难
  - (1) According to Roman Catholic doctrine, the place where the souls of those who have died in God's grace must pay for their sins through suffering before ascending to heaven. (2) A place or state of temporary suffering or misery.
Number Words
[mill-]:either "a thousand" or "a thousandth."
- millennium：一千年,千年期;千禧年
- million：百万
- milligram：毫克(千分之一克)
- milliliter：千分之一升,毫升(0.002品脱)
- millimeter：毫米
- millefleur：(挂毯图案的)万花斑驳的
  - Having a pattern of small flowers and plants all over.
- millenarianism：千福年说(传说耶稣将重临人世统治的一千年),信千福年；太平盛世
  - (1) Belief in the 1,000-year era of holiness foretold in the Book of Revelation. (2) Belief in an ideal society to come, especially one brought about by revolution.
- millipede：马陆, 千足虫
  - Any of a class of many-footed arthropods that have a cylindrical, segmented body with two pairs of legs on each segment, and, unlike centipedes, no poison fangs.
- millisecond：毫秒
  - One thousandth of a second.
[hemi-/semi-]:"half"
- hemisphere：半球
- semicircle：半圆形
- demitasse：小型咖啡杯
- semitone：半音
  - The tone at a half step.
- semicolon：分号
  - The punctuation mark ; , used chiefly to separate major sentence elements such as independent clauses.
- hemiplegia：偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂
  - Total or partial paralysis of one side of the body that results from disease of or injury to the motor centers of the brain.
- semiconductor：半导体
  - A solid that conducts electricity like a metal at high temperatures and insulates like a nonmetal at low temperatures.