泛函分析——内积空间定义的概念

1. 希尔伯特空间： Let $(X,⟨\cdot ,\cdot ⟩)$ be an inner product space. If $X$ is complete with respect to the norm induced by the inner product $⟨\cdot ,\cdot ⟩,$ then we say that $X$ is a Hilbert space.

<对比> 巴拿赫空间： A normed linear space that is complete with respect to the metric induced by the norm is called a Banach space.

2. 正交补：X中所有与子集M正交的元素的集合。
3. nearest point：顾名思义，是M中距离M的补集中某点x的最近的一些点。最佳近似点来自于M集。
4. 正交集：任意两个不同的向量内积为0；且每个向量的范数为1；
5. 同构：Two linear spaces $X$ and $Y$ over the same field $\mathbb{F}$ are said to be isomorphic if there is a one-to-one $\mathrm{map}T$ from $X$ onto $Y$ such that for all $x_1,x_2\in X$ and all $\alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb{F},$
   $$T\left(\alpha x_1+\beta x_2\right)=\alpha T\left(x_1\right)+\beta T\left(x_2\right)$$

the result that T is applied to $x\in X$ is $y\in Y$. 同构的用途是将一些领域的定理能够迁移到另一个同构的领域。同构满足的是一 一映射的线性映射。

6. 等距
   Let $(X,\Vert \cdot \Vert )$ and $(Y,\Vert \cdot \Vert )$ be two normed linear spaces and $T:X\to Y$. Then $T$ is called an isometry if
   $$\Vert Tx\Vert =\Vert x\Vert \text{ for all }x\in X.$$
   Simply put, an isometry is a map that preserves lengths.