RabbitMQ 入门教程

介绍

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现 [AMQP](http://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/amqp-concepts.html) (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) 标准。本教程将引导你通过几个简单的步骤来设置并使用 RabbitMQ。

环境准备

1. 安装 RabbitMQ

- 在你的机器上安装 RabbitMQ。对于大多数 Linux 发行版，可以使用包管理器（如 `apt` 或 `yum`）进行安装。

- 对于 Windows 和 macOS，可以从官方网站下载安装包。

2. 启动 RabbitMQ 服务

- 安装完成后，启动 RabbitMQ 服务。

3. 安装客户端库

- 选择一种编程语言，并安装相应的客户端库。本教程以 Python 为例。

- 使用 pip 安装 Pika 库:

```bash

pip install pika

```

示例代码

1. 发送消息

```python

import pika

def send_message(queue_name):

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

# 声明队列

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

# 发送消息

message = "Hello, RabbitMQ!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key=queue_name,

body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':

send_message('hello')

```

2. 接收消息

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

def receive_message(queue_name):

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

# 设置回调函数

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name,

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

if __name__ == '__main__':

receive_message('hello')

```

概念解析

- Exchange: 交换机决定消息发送到哪个队列。

- Queue: 队列用来保存消息直到被消费。

- Routing Key: 路由键告诉交换机如何路由消息到队列。

- Binding: 绑定是队列和交换机之间的关联。

- Consumer: 消费者从队列中接收消息。

更进一步

使用持久化消息

```python

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='persistent_queue',

body='Persistent message',

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent

))

```

使用发布确认

```python

channel.confirm_delivery()

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='confirm_queue',

body='Message with confirmation')

```

使用发布确认失败的处理

```python

def on_delivery_confirmation(frame):

if frame.method.PUBLISH:

print(' [x] Publish confirmed')

elif frame.method.NACK:

print(' [!] Publish NACKed')

channel.add_on_return_callback(on_delivery_confirmation)

```

使用工作队列

```python

生产者

def send_work(queue_name):

channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

for i in range(10):

message = f"Task {i}"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key=queue_name,

body=message)

print(f" [x] Sent {message}")

消费者

def do_work(channel, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

channel.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=do_work)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```