RabbitMQ 入门教程

概述

RabbitMQ 是一个消息代理和队列服务器，实现了 AMQP 0-9-1 标准。本教程将引导你完成安装、配置及编写简单的客户端程序来发送和接收消息。

环境准备

安装 RabbitMQ

1. Ubuntu

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

```

2. MacOS (Homebrew)

```bash

brew install rabbitmq

```

3. Windows

- 下载安装包: [Download](https://www.rabbitmq.com/download.html)

启动服务

```bash

rabbitmq-server

```

开启管理插件

```bash

rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

访问 `http://localhost:15672/` (默认用户名密码: guest/guest)

发送者与接收者示例

我们将创建两个简单的程序:

- `sender.py`: 发送一条消息到队列。

- `receiver.py`: 接收并处理队列中的消息。

设置 Python 环境

```bash

pip install pika

```

示例代码

sender.py

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='hello',

body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

connection.close()

```

receiver.py

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello',

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

运行程序

启动接收者:

```bash

python receiver.py

```

然后启动发送者:

```bash

python sender.py

```

工作模式

RabbitMQ 支持多种工作模式，以下介绍几种基本的工作模式。

单个消费者模式

在这种模式下，消息被发送到队列，然后由单个消费者消费。

示例代码

```python

sender.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = 'A single task'

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

```python

receiver.py

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue',

on_message_callback=callback)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

发布/订阅模式

发布/订阅模式允许消息被广播到多个消费者。

示例代码

```python

sender.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Info: Hello from publisher"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',

routing_key='',

body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

```python

receiver1.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name,

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

```python

receiver2.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name,

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

路由模式

路由模式允许根据特定的绑定键来路由消息。

示例代码

```python

sender.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severity = 'info'

message = 'Info: Hello from publisher'

channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs',

routing_key=severity,

body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()

```

```python

receiver1.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

severities = ['info', 'warning']

for severity in severities:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',

queue=queue_name,

routing_key=severity)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name,

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

主题模式

主题模式允许更复杂的匹配规则。

示例代码

```python

sender.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

routing_key = 'kern.critical'

message = 'A critical kernel error'

channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs',

routing_key=routing_key,

body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))

connection.close()

```

```python

receiver1.py

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = ['kern.*', '*.critical']

for binding_key in binding_keys:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs',

queue=queue_name,

routing_key=binding_key)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name,

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```