1.线程的概念
LWP:light weight process 轻量级的进程,本质任然是进程(在Linux环境下)
进程:独立地址空间,拥有PCB
线程:也有PCB,但没有独立的地址空间(共享)
区别:在于是否共享地址空间;独居(进程), 合租(线程)
Linux下:线程:最小的执行单位
进程:最小分配资源单位,可看成是只有一个线程的进程
一个进程内部可以有多个线程,默认情况下一个进程只有一个线程
内核实现都是通过clone实现的
线程也有自己的PCB
查看LWP号:ps -Lf pid 查看指定线程的lwp号
2.线程共享资源
1.文件描述符表
2.每种信号的处理方式
3.当前工作目录
4.用户ID和组ID
5.内存地址空间(.text 、.data、 .bss、 heap、 共享库)
3.线程非共享资源
1.线程id
2.处理器现场和栈指针(内核栈)
3.独立的栈空间(用户空间栈)
4.errno变量
获取错误码对应的错误信息
char* strerror(int errnum);
5.信号屏蔽字
6.调用优先级
4.线程的优缺点
优点:提高并发性,占用资源小,通信方便
缺点:调试困难,库函数不稳定,对信号支持不好
5.线程的操作函数
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr,
void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg);
thread:线程的id,传出参数
arrr: 代表线程的属性
第三个参数 函数指针 , void* func(void*)
arg: 线程执行函数的参数
返回值:成功返回0,失败返回errno
编译的时候需要加pthread库
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am a thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr, NULL);
printf("I am a main thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
sleep(1);
exit(0);
}
SRC = $(wildcard *.c)
SRC += $(wildcard ./src/*.c)
OBJ = $(patsubst %.c, %.o, $(SRC))
ALL:app
app:$(OBJ)
gcc -o $@ -I ./include $(OBJ) -lpthread
%.o:%.c
gcc -c $< -I ./include -o $@
test:
echo $(SRC)
echo $(OBJ)
.PHONY:clean all
clean:
-@rm -f *.o app ./src/*.o
线程退出函数 pthread_exit
线程退出注意事项:
在线程中使用pthread_exit
在线程中使用return(主控线程return代表退出进程)
exit代表退出整个进程
线程回收:阻塞等待回收
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **retval);
thread: 创建的时候传出的第一个参数
retval:传出线程的退出信息
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am a thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
sleep(5);
return (void*)100;
// pthread_exit(NULL);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid;
void *ret = NULL;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr, NULL);
printf("I am a main thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
pthread_join(tid, &ret);
printf("ret = %d\n", (int*)ret);
pthread_exit(NULL);
exit(0);
}
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am a thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
sleep(5);
// return (void*)100;
pthread_exit((void*)101);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid;
void *ret = NULL;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr, NULL);
printf("I am a main thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
pthread_join(tid, &ret);
printf("ret = %d\n", (int*)ret);
pthread_exit(NULL);
exit(0);
}
杀死线程:
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);
需要传入tid;
返回值:失败返回errno,成功返回0
被pthread_cancel杀死的线程,退出状态为PTHREAD_CANCELED
#define PTHREAD_CANCELED ((void *) -1)
强行设置取消点:pthread_testcancel();
void* thr(void* arg)
{
while (1)
{
printf("I am a thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
sleep(1);
}
// return (void*)100;
pthread_exit((void*)101);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid;
void *ret = NULL;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr, NULL);
printf("I am a main thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
sleep(3);
pthread_cancel(tid); // 杀死线程
pthread_join(tid, &ret);
printf("pthread exit ret = %d\n", (int*)ret);
exit(0);
}
线程分离:
此时不需要pthread_join回收资源
int pthread_detach(pthread_t thread);
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am a thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
sleep(1);
printf("I am a thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid;
void *ret = NULL;
int res = 0;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr, NULL);
printf("I am a main thread, pid = %d, tid = %lu\n", getpid(), pthread_self());
pthread_detach(tid); // 线程分离
sleep(3);
if ((res = pthread_join(tid, &ret)) > 0)
{
printf("join err:%d, %s\n", res, strerror(res));
}
printf("pthread exit ret = %d\n", (int*)ret);
exit(0);
}
int val = 100;
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am a thread, tid = %lu, val = %d\n", pthread_self(), val); // 1003
sleep(2);
val = 1001;
printf("I am a thread, tid = %lu, val = %d\n", pthread_self(), val); // 1001
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr, NULL);
pthread_detach(tid); // 线程分离
printf("I am a main thread, tid = %lu val = %d\n", pthread_self(), val); //100
val = 1003;
sleep(5);
printf("I am a main thread, tid = %lu val = %d\n", pthread_self(), val); // 1001
int ret = 0;
if ((ret = pthread_join(tid, NULL)) > 0)
{
printf("join err:%d, %s\n", ret, strerror(ret));
}
exit(0);
}
线程共享全局变量
线程id在进程内部是唯一的!
void* thr(void* arg)
{
int num = (int )arg;
printf("I am %d thread, self = %lu\n", num, pthread_self());
return (void*)(100+num);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_t tid[5];
int i = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
pthread_create(&tid[i], NULL, thr, (void*)i);
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
void* ret = NULL;
pthread_join(tid[i], &ret);
printf("i = %d, ret = %d\n", i, (int)ret);
}
exit(0);
}
进程属性控制:
int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t *attr); // 初始化线程属性
int pthread_attr_destroy(pthread_attr_t *attr); // 销毁线程属性
// 设置属性分离态
int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t *attr, int detachstate);
attr: init初始化的属性
detachstate:
PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED 线程分离
PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE 允许回收(默认)
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am thread, self = %lu\n", pthread_self());
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_attr_t attr;
pthread_attr_init(&attr); // 初始化属性
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, &attr, thr, NULL);
int ret = 0;
if ((ret = pthread_join(tid, NULL)) > 0)
{
printf("join err = %d, %s\n", ret, strerror(ret));
}
pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);//销毁属性
exit(0);
}
void* thr(void* arg)
{
printf("I am thread, self = %lu\n", pthread_self());
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pthread_attr_t attr;
pthread_attr_init(&attr); // 初始化属性
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED); // 设置属性分离
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, &attr, thr, NULL);
int ret = 0;
if ((ret = pthread_join(tid, NULL)) > 0)
{
printf("join err = %d, %s\n", ret, strerror(ret));
}
pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);//销毁属性
exit(0);
}
查看pthread库版本:
6.线程使用注意事项
1.主线程退出其他线程不退出,主线程应调用pthread_exit
2.避免僵尸线程:
pthread_join
pthread_detach
pthread_create指定分离属性
被join线程可能在join函数返回前就释放完自己的所有内存资源,所有不应当返回被回收线程栈中的值
3.malloc和mmap申请的内存可以被其他线程释放
4.应避免在多线程模型中调用fork除非,马上exec, 子进程中只有调用fork的线程存在,其他线程在子线程中均pthread_exit
5.信号的复杂语义很难和多线程共存,应避免在多线程引入信号机制
创建多少个线程?
cpu核数*2+2