ch.15. 光量子计算机
量子光学
光子:真空(或者空腔)中的电磁场中的一个量子
1、不带电粒子
2、光子之间没有直接相互作用
3、在光学中长距离稳定传输
4、大量的操作光子的光学仪器,例如:相移器(phase shifters),分束器(beam splitters),非线性kerr介质等
现在,准备两个独立的空腔a和b,产生两个光子:a类型的光子和b类型的光子。它们的哈密顿算符为:
H = ℏ ω a + a + ℏ ω b + b H=\hbar \omega a^+a+\hbar\omega b^+b H=ℏωa+a+ℏωb+b
满足下述性质:
[ a , a + ] = 1 , [ b , b + ] = 1 , [ a , b ] = 0 , ⋯ [a,\ a^+]=1,\ [b,\ b^+]=1,\ [a, b]=0,\ \cdots [a, a+]=1, [b, b+]=1, [a,b]=0, ⋯
其中, b + , a + b^+,\ a^+ b+, a+为产生算符, b , a b,\ a b, a为湮灭算符。取自于量子场论中的术语
在量子场论中,真空态(Vacuum State)具有如下性质:
a ∣ v a c ⟩ = 0 , b ∣ v a c ⟩ = 0 , ∣ v a c ⟩ = ∣ 0 ⟩ b ⊗ ∣ 0 ⟩ a a|vac\rang=0,\ b|vac\rang=0,\ |vac\rang=|0\rang_b\otimes|0\rang_a a∣vac⟩=0, b∣vac⟩=0, ∣vac⟩=∣0⟩b⊗∣0⟩a
∣ 01 ⟩ b a = ∣ 0 ⟩ b ⊗ ∣ 1 ⟩ a = ∣ 0 ⟩ b ⊗ a + ∣ 0 ⟩ a = a + ∣ v a c ⟩ = a + ∣ 00 ⟩ b a |01\rang_{ba}=|0\rang_b\otimes|1\rang_a=|0\rang_b\otimes a^+|0\rang_a=a^+|vac\rang=a^+|00\rang_{ba} ∣01⟩ba=∣0⟩b⊗∣1⟩a=∣0⟩b⊗a+∣0⟩a=a+∣vac⟩=a+∣00⟩ba
∣ 10 ⟩ b a = b + ∣ 00 ⟩ b a |10\rang_{ba}=b^+|00\rang_{ba} ∣10⟩ba=b+∣00⟩ba
∣ 11 ⟩ b a = b + a + ∣ 00 ⟩ b a |11\rang_{ba}=b^+a^+|00\rang_{ba} ∣11⟩ba=b+a+∣00⟩ba
∣ m n ⟩ b a = ( b + ) m ( a + ) n m ! n ! ∣ 00 ⟩ b a |mn\rang_{ba}=\dfrac{(b^+)^m(a^+)^n}{\sqrt{m!n!}}|00\rang_{ba} ∣mn⟩ba=m!n!(b+)m(a+)n∣00⟩ba
H ∣ m n ⟩ b a = ( n + m ) ℏ ω ∣ m n ⟩ b a H|mn\rang_{ba}=(n+m)\hbar\omega|mn\rang_{ba} H∣mn⟩ba=(n+m)ℏω∣mn⟩ba
H ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = 0 H|00\rang_{ba}=0 H∣00⟩ba=0
随时间演化:
∣ m n ( t ) ⟩ = e − i H t ℏ ∣ m n ⟩ b a = e − i ( n + m ) ω t ∣ m n ⟩ b a |mn(t)\rang=e^{-\frac{iHt}{\hbar}}|mn\rang_{ba}=e^{-i(n+m)\omega t|mn\rang_{ba}} ∣mn(t)⟩=e−ℏiHt∣mn⟩ba=e−i(n+m)ωt∣mn⟩ba
无需考虑零点能
logical qubit的构造
∣ 0 L ⟩ = ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = ∣ 0 ⟩ b ⊗ ∣ 0 ⟩ a = ( 1 0 ) L |0_L\rang=|00\rang_{ba}=|0\rang_b\otimes|0\rang_a=\left(\begin{matrix}1 \\ 0\end{matrix}\right)_L ∣0L⟩=∣00⟩ba=∣0⟩b⊗∣0⟩a=(10)L
∣ 1 L ⟩ = ∣ 01 ⟩ b a = ∣ 0 ⟩ b ⊗ ∣ 1 ⟩ a = ( 0 1 ) L |1_L\rang=|01\rang_{ba}=|0\rang_b\otimes|1\rang_a=\left(\begin{matrix}0 \\ 1\end{matrix}\right)_L ∣1L⟩=∣01⟩ba=∣0⟩b⊗∣1⟩a=(01)L
∣ ψ L ⟩ = α 0 ∣ 0 L ⟩ + α 1 ∣ 1 L ⟩ = α 0 ∣ 00 ⟩ b a + α 1 ∣ 01 ⟩ b a = ( α 0 α 1 ) L |\psi_L\rang=\alpha_0|0_L\rang+\alpha_1|1_L\rang=\alpha_0|00\rang_{ba}+\alpha_1|01\rang_{ba}=\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0 \\ \alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L ∣ψL⟩=α0∣0L⟩+α1∣1L⟩=α0∣00⟩ba+α1∣01⟩ba=(α0α1)L
∣ ψ L ( t ) ⟩ = α 0 ∣ 0 L ⟩ + α 1 e − i ω t ∣ 1 L ⟩ = ( α 0 α 1 e − i ω t ) L = ( 1 0 0 e − i ω t ) ( α 0 α 1 ) L = e − i ω t 2 ( e i ω t 2 0 0 e − i ω t 2 ) ( α 0 α 1 ) L = e − i ω t 2 e i 2 σ z ω t ( α 0 α 1 ) L \begin{aligned}|\psi_L(t)\rang&=\alpha_0|0_L\rang+\alpha_1e^{-i\omega t}|1_L\rang\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0\\\alpha_1 e^{-i\omega t}\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\0 & e^{-i\omega t}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0\\\alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=e^{-\frac{i\omega t}{2}}\left(\begin{matrix}e^{\frac{i\omega t}{2}} & 0\\0 & e^{-\frac{i\omega t}{2}}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0\\\alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=e^{-\frac{i\omega t}{2}}e^{\frac{i}{2}\sigma_z\omega t}\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0\\\alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L\end{aligned} ∣ψL(t)⟩=α0∣0L⟩+α1e−iωt∣1L⟩=(α0α1e−iωt)L=(100e−iωt)(α0α1)L=e−2iωt(e2iωt00e−2iωt)(α0α1)L=e−2iωte2iσzωt(α0α1)L
随着时间的自由演化,qubit会自动发生变化,因此从logical qubit的角度来看,这样的qubit不是一个好的选择
只用一个空腔来构造logical qubit,被称作single-rail表示
使用两个空腔来构造logical qubit,被称作dual-rail表示
dual-rail表示:
∣ 0 L ⟩ = ∣ 01 ⟩ b a , ∣ 1 L ⟩ = ∣ 10 ⟩ b a |0_L\rang=|01\rang_{ba},\ |1_L\rang=|10\rang_{ba} ∣0L⟩=∣01⟩ba, ∣1L⟩=∣10⟩ba
∣ ψ L ⟩ = α 0 ∣ 0 L ⟩ + α 1 ∣ 1 L ⟩ = ( α 0 α 1 ) L = α 0 ∣ 01 ⟩ b a + α 1 ∣ 10 ⟩ b a |\psi_L\rang=\alpha_0|0_L\rang+\alpha_1|1_L\rang=\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0\\\alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L=\alpha_0|01\rang_{ba}+\alpha_1|10\rang_{ba} ∣ψL⟩=α0∣0L⟩+α1∣1L⟩=(α0α1)L=α0∣01⟩ba+α1∣10⟩ba
时间演化:
∣ ψ L ( t ) ⟩ = α 0 ∣ 0 L ( t ) ⟩ + α 1 ∣ 1 L ( t ) ⟩ = e − i ω t ( α 0 ∣ 01 ⟩ b a + α 1 ∣ 10 ⟩ b a ) = e − i ω t ∣ ψ L ( 0 ) ⟩ \begin{aligned}|\psi_L(t)\rang&=\alpha_0|0_L(t)\rang+\alpha_1|1_L(t)\rang\\ &=e^{-i\omega t}(\alpha_0|01\rang_{ba}+\alpha_1|10\rang_{ba})\\ &=e^{-i\omega t}|\psi_L(0)\rang\end{aligned} ∣ψL(t)⟩=α0∣0L(t)⟩+α1∣1L(t)⟩=e−iωt(α0∣01⟩ba+α1∣10⟩ba)=e−iωt∣ψL(0)⟩
随着时间的演化,logical qubit只有全局相因子发生变化,因此dual-rail表示是一个合适的用于表示logical qubit的候选者
通过相移器实现单qubit
定义:相移器是一个长度为 L L L、折射率为 n n n、介质光速为 v c v_c vc的透明的介质
相移器的有效哈密顿量:
H a = ( n 0 − n ) a + a , H b = ( n 0 − n ) b + b H_a=(n_0-n)a^+a,\ H_b=(n_0-n)b^+b Ha=(n0−n)a+a, Hb=(n0−n)b+b
相移器算符:
p b = e − i H b t = e − i H b L v c = e i ( n − n 0 ) L v c b + b = e i Δ b + b p_b=e^{-iH_bt}=e^{-iH_b\frac{L}{v_c}}=e^{\frac{i(n-n_0)L}{v_c}b^+b}=e^{i\Delta b^+b} pb=e−iHbt=e−iHbvcL=evci(n−n0)Lb+b=eiΔb+b
其中, Δ = ( n − n 0 ) L v c \Delta=\dfrac{(n-n_0)L}{v_c} Δ=vc(n−n0)L
p ∣ 0 ⟩ b = ∣ 0 ⟩ b , p ∣ 1 ⟩ = e i Δ ∣ 1 ⟩ b p|0\rang_b=|0\rang_b,\ p|1\rang=e^{i\Delta}|1\rang_b p∣0⟩b=∣0⟩b, p∣1⟩=eiΔ∣1⟩b
∣ ψ L ⟩ b a ′ = ( p b ⊗ I d ) ∣ ψ L ⟩ b a = ( p b ⊗ I d ) ( α 0 ∣ 01 ⟩ b a + α 1 ∣ 10 ⟩ b a ) = α 0 ∣ 01 ⟩ b a + α 1 e i Δ ∣ 10 ⟩ b a = e i Δ 2 ( e − i Δ 2 0 0 e i Δ 2 ) ( α 0 α 1 ) L = e i Δ 2 R z ( Δ ) ( α 0 α 1 ) L \begin{aligned}|\psi_L\rang'_{ba}&=(p_b\otimes Id)|\psi_L\rang_{ba}\\ &=(p_b\otimes Id)(\alpha_0|01\rang_{ba}+\alpha_1|10\rang_{ba})\\ &=\alpha_0|01\rang_{ba}+\alpha_1e^{i\Delta}|10\rang_{ba}\\ &=e^{i\frac{\Delta}{2}}\left(\begin{matrix}e^{-\frac{i\Delta}{2}} & 0\\0 & e^{\frac{i\Delta}{2}}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0 \\ \alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=e^{i\frac{\Delta}{2}}R_z(\Delta)\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha_0 \\ \alpha_1\end{matrix}\right)_L\end{aligned} ∣ψL⟩ba′=(pb⊗Id)∣ψL⟩ba=(pb⊗Id)(α0∣01⟩ba+α1∣10⟩ba)=α0∣01⟩ba+α1eiΔ∣10⟩ba=ei2Δ(e−2iΔ00e2iΔ)(α0α1)L=ei2ΔRz(Δ)(α0α1)L
其中, R z ( θ ) = e − i 2 σ z θ R_z(\theta)=e^{-\frac{i}{2}\sigma_z\theta} Rz(θ)=e−2iσzθ
通过分束器实现单qubit门 R y ( 2 θ ) R_y(2\theta) Ry(2θ)
H b s = − i ( a b + − a + b ) H_{bs}=-i(ab^+-a^+b) Hbs=−i(ab+−a+b)
B = e − i H b s ( θ ) = e ( a b + − a + b ) θ B=e^{-iH_{bs}(\theta)}=e^{(ab^+-a^+b)\theta} B=e−iHbs(θ)=e(ab+−a+b)θ
定理:
B a B + = a cos θ + b sin θ BaB^+=a\cos\theta+b\sin\theta BaB+=acosθ+bsinθ
B b B + = b cos θ − a sin θ BbB^+=b\cos\theta-a\sin\theta BbB+=bcosθ−asinθ
这两条等式可以由BCH公式验证
B ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = e a b + − a + b ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = ∣ 00 ⟩ b a B|00\rang_{ba}=e^{ab^+-a^+b}|00\rang_{ba}=|00\rang_{ba} B∣00⟩ba=eab+−a+b∣00⟩ba=∣00⟩ba
B ∣ 0 L ⟩ = B ∣ 01 ⟩ b a = B a + ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = ( B a + B + ) B ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = ( a + cos θ + b + sin θ ) ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = cos θ ∣ 01 ⟩ b a + sin θ ∣ 10 ⟩ b a = cos θ ∣ 0 L ⟩ + sin θ ∣ 1 L ⟩ = ( cos θ sin θ ) L \begin{aligned}B|0_L\rang&=B|01\rang_{ba}\\ &=Ba^+|00\rang_{ba}\\ &=(Ba^+B^+)B|00\rang_{ba}\\ &=(a^+\cos\theta+b^+\sin\theta)|00\rang_{ba}\\ &=\cos\theta|01\rang_{ba}+\sin\theta|10\rang_{ba}\\ &=\cos\theta|0_L\rang+\sin\theta|1_L\rang\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}\cos\theta\\ \sin\theta\end{matrix}\right)_L\end{aligned} B∣0L⟩=B∣01⟩ba=Ba+∣00⟩ba=(Ba+B+)B∣00⟩ba=(a+cosθ+b+sinθ)∣00⟩ba=cosθ∣01⟩ba+sinθ∣10⟩ba=cosθ∣0L⟩+sinθ∣1L⟩=(cosθsinθ)L
B ∣ 1 L ⟩ = − sin θ ∣ 0 L ⟩ + cos θ ∣ 1 L ⟩ = ( − sin θ cos θ ) L B|1_L\rang=-\sin\theta|0_L\rang+\cos\theta|1_L\rang=\left(\begin{matrix}-\sin\theta\\ \cos\theta\end{matrix}\right)_L B∣1L⟩=−sinθ∣0L⟩+cosθ∣1L⟩=(−sinθcosθ)L
∣ 0 L ⟩ = ( 1 0 ) , ∣ 1 L ⟩ = ( 0 1 ) |0_L\rang=\left(\begin{matrix}1 \\ 0\end{matrix}\right),\ |1_L\rang=\left(\begin{matrix}0 \\ 1\end{matrix}\right) ∣0L⟩=(10), ∣1L⟩=(01)
B = ( cos θ sin θ − sin θ cos θ ) = e i 2 θ σ y 2 = R y ( − 2 θ ) B=\left(\begin{matrix}\cos\theta & \sin\theta\\-\sin\theta & \cos\theta\end{matrix}\right)=e^{i2\theta\frac{\sigma_y}{2}}=R_y(-2\theta) B=(cosθ−sinθsinθcosθ)=ei2θ2σy=Ry(−2θ)
定理: R z ( − 2 Δ ) R_z(-2\Delta) Rz(−2Δ)和 R y ( − 2 θ ) R_y(-2\theta) Ry(−2θ)组成一个能够生成所有单qubit门的广义门集
通过非线性kerr介质实现CZ门
光子之间的相互作用是非线性的
在长度为L的非线性的kerr介质中,光子之间的直接相互作用由原子mediate
H χ p m = − χ a + a b + b , K = e i χ a + a b + b t H_{\chi pm}=-\chi a^+ab^+b,\ K=e^{i\chi a^+ab^+bt} Hχpm=−χa+ab+b, K=eiχa+ab+bt
k = 1 + ∑ n = 1 + ∞ ( i χ t ) n n ! ( b + b ) n ( a + a ) n k=1+\sum\limits_{n=1}^{+\infty}\dfrac{(i\chi t)^n}{n!}(b^+b)^n(a^+a)^n k=1+n=1∑+∞n!(iχt)n(b+b)n(a+a)n
K ∣ 00 ⟩ b a = ∣ 00 ⟩ b a K|00\rang_{ba}=|00\rang_{ba} K∣00⟩ba=∣00⟩ba
K ∣ 01 ⟩ b a = ∣ 01 ⟩ b a K|01\rang_{ba}=|01\rang_{ba} K∣01⟩ba=∣01⟩ba
K ∣ 10 ⟩ b a = ∣ 10 ⟩ b a K|10\rang_{ba}=|10\rang_{ba} K∣10⟩ba=∣10⟩ba
K ∣ 11 ⟩ b a = e i χ t ∣ 11 ⟩ b a K|11\rang_{ba}=e^{i\chi t}|11\rang_{ba} K∣11⟩ba=eiχt∣11⟩ba
K ( ∣ 00 ⟩ b a ∣ 01 ⟩ b a ∣ 10 ⟩ b a ∣ 11 ⟩ b a ) = ( 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 e i χ t ) ( ∣ 00 ⟩ b a ∣ 01 ⟩ b a ∣ 10 ⟩ b a ∣ 11 ⟩ b a ) K\left(\begin{matrix}|00\rang_{ba} \\ |01\rang_{ba}\\|10\rang_{ba}\\|11\rang_{ba}\end{matrix}\right)=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 0 &0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & e^{i\chi t}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}|00\rang_{ba} \\ |01\rang_{ba}\\|10\rang_{ba}\\|11\rang_{ba}\end{matrix}\right) K⎝⎜⎜⎛∣00⟩ba∣01⟩ba∣10⟩ba∣11⟩ba⎠⎟⎟⎞=⎝⎜⎜⎛100001000010000eiχt⎠⎟⎟⎞⎝⎜⎜⎛∣00⟩ba∣01⟩ba∣10⟩ba∣11⟩ba⎠⎟⎟⎞
∣ e 00 ⟩ 1 = ∣ 0 L 0 L ⟩ = ∣ 01 ⟩ b a ⊗ ∣ 01 ⟩ b a |e_{00}\rang^1=|0_L0_L\rang=|01\rang_{ba}\otimes|01\rang_{ba} ∣e00⟩1=∣0L0L⟩=∣01⟩ba⊗∣01⟩ba
∣ e 01 ⟩ 1 = ∣ 0 L 1 L ⟩ = ∣ 01 ⟩ b a ⊗ ∣ 10 ⟩ b a |e_{01}\rang^1=|0_L1_L\rang=|01\rang_{ba}\otimes|10\rang_{ba} ∣e01⟩1=∣0L1L⟩=∣01⟩ba⊗∣10⟩ba
∣ e 10 ⟩ 1 = ∣ 1 L 0 L ⟩ = ∣ 10 ⟩ b a ⊗ ∣ 01 ⟩ b a |e_{10}\rang^1=|1_L0_L\rang=|10\rang_{ba}\otimes|01\rang_{ba} ∣e10⟩1=∣1L0L⟩=∣10⟩ba⊗∣01⟩ba
∣ e 11 ⟩ 1 = ∣ 1 L 1 L ⟩ = ∣ 10 ⟩ b a ⊗ ∣ 10 ⟩ b a |e_{11}\rang^1=|1_L1_L\rang=|10\rang_{ba}\otimes|10\rang_{ba} ∣e11⟩1=∣1L1L⟩=∣10⟩ba⊗∣10⟩ba
对第一个qubit应用SWAP门:
S W A P ∣ 0 ⟩ L = S W A P ∣ 01 ⟩ b a = ∣ 10 ⟩ b a = ∣ 1 ⟩ L SWAP|0\rang_L=SWAP|01\rang_{ba}=|10\rang_{ba}=|1\rang_L SWAP∣0⟩L=SWAP∣01⟩ba=∣10⟩ba=∣1⟩L
∣ e 00 ⟩ = ∣ 1 L 0 L ⟩ = ∣ 1001 ⟩ b a b a |e_{00}\rang=|1_L0_L\rang=|1001\rang_{baba} ∣e00⟩=∣1L0L⟩=∣1001⟩baba
∣ e 01 ⟩ = ∣ 1 L 1 L ⟩ = ∣ 1010 ⟩ b a b a |e_{01}\rang=|1_L1_L\rang=|1010\rang_{baba} ∣e01⟩=∣1L1L⟩=∣1010⟩baba
∣ e 10 ⟩ = ∣ 0 L 0 L ⟩ = ∣ 0101 ⟩ b a b a |e_{10}\rang=|0_L0_L\rang=|0101\rang_{baba} ∣e10⟩=∣0L0L⟩=∣0101⟩baba
∣ e 00 ⟩ = ∣ 0 L 1 L ⟩ = ∣ 0110 ⟩ b a b a |e_{00}\rang=|0_L1_L\rang=|0110\rang_{baba} ∣e00⟩=∣0L1L⟩=∣0110⟩baba
最后一步则是,对第二个和第三个qubit,使用非线性kerr介质K
{ R z ( 2 Δ ) , R y ( − 2 θ ) , C Z } \{R_z(2\Delta),\ R_y(-2\theta),\ CZ\} {Rz(2Δ), Ry(−2θ), CZ}(分别可以由相移器,分束器,非线性kerr介质实现)也是一个广义门集
光子间的强相互作用(空穴量子电动力学),是难以被非线性kerr介质实现的