11、黎曼空间中的积分
积分实质上就是求和,但在张量运算中,不同点的求和一般是没有意义的,不能保证张量的变换性质。所以在黎曼空间中,只有类似下述的积分才有意义:
∫
f
μ
d
x
μ
=
f
∬
T
μ
ν
d
x
μ
d
x
ν
=
T
∫
∭
J
;
μ
μ
d
Σ
=
J
\int f_\mu dx^\mu = f\\ \iint T_{\mu\nu}dx^\mu dx^\nu = T\\ \int\iiint J^\mu_{;\mu}d\Sigma = J
∫fμdxμ=f∬Tμνdxμdxν=T∫∭J;μμdΣ=J
不同点的标量直接积分,得到的结果仍然是标量,因此具有协变性
Gauss定理
∮ f μ d V μ = ∫ ∭ f μ ; μ d Σ \oint f^\mu dV_\mu=\int\iiint {f^\mu}_{;\mu}d\Sigma ∮fμdVμ=∫∭fμ;μdΣ
其中,
d
Σ
=
−
g
d
x
0
d
x
1
d
x
2
d
x
3
≡
−
g
d
4
x
d\Sigma=\sqrt{-g}dx^0 dx^1 dx^2 dx^3 \equiv \sqrt{-g}d^4 x
dΣ=−gdx0dx1dx2dx3≡−gd4x,为四维体积元,
d
V
μ
≡
−
g
d
v
ν
λ
ρ
⋅
δ
μ
ν
λ
ρ
=
−
g
d
x
ν
d
x
λ
d
x
ρ
⋅
δ
μ
ν
λ
ρ
dV_\mu\equiv \sqrt{-g}dv^{\nu\lambda\rho}\cdot\delta_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}=\sqrt{-g}dx^\nu dx^\lambda dx^\rho \cdot \delta_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}
dVμ≡−gdvνλρ⋅δμνλρ=−gdxνdxλdxρ⋅δμνλρ,为三维超曲面体积元
f
μ
;
μ
=
1
−
g
(
−
g
f
μ
)
,
μ
{f^\mu}_{;\mu}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}}\left(\sqrt{-g}f^\mu\right)_{,\mu}
fμ;μ=−g1(−gfμ),μ
得到:
∫
∭
f
μ
;
μ
d
Σ
=
∫
∭
∂
∂
x
μ
(
−
g
f
μ
)
d
x
0
d
x
1
d
x
2
d
x
3
=
左
边
\int\iiint {f^\mu}_{;\mu}d\Sigma =\int\iiint \frac{\partial}{\partial x^\mu}\left(\sqrt{-g}f^\mu\right)dx^0 dx^1 dx^2 dx^3=左边
∫∭fμ;μdΣ=∫∭∂xμ∂(−gfμ)dx0dx1dx2dx3=左边
(
μ
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
\mu=0,1,2,3
μ=0,1,2,3)
Stokes定理
∮ f μ d x μ = ∬ c u r l μ ν { f } d σ μ ν ∮ F μ ν d σ μ ν = ∭ c u r l μ ν τ { F } d v μ ν τ \oint f_\mu dx^\mu = \iint curl_{\mu\nu}\{f\}d\sigma^{\mu\nu}\\ \oint F_{\mu\nu}d\sigma^{\mu\nu}=\iiint curl_{\mu\nu\tau}\{F\}dv^{\mu\nu\tau} ∮fμdxμ=∬curlμν{f}dσμν∮Fμνdσμν=∭curlμντ{F}dvμντ
其中, f μ f^\mu fμ, F μ ν F^{\mu\nu} Fμν分别是矢量场和二阶反对称张量场。 d σ μ ν ≡ d x μ δ x ν − d x ν δ x μ d\sigma^{\mu\nu}\equiv dx^\mu \delta x^\nu-dx^\nu\delta x^\mu dσμν≡dxμδxν−dxνδxμ为二维曲面面元
12、Bianchi恒等式
由黎曼张量的定义可以推导出:
R
ρ
λ
μ
ν
;
σ
+
R
ρ
λ
ν
σ
;
μ
+
R
ρ
λ
σ
μ
;
ν
=
0
R_{\rho\lambda\mu\nu;\sigma}+R_{\rho\lambda\nu\sigma;\mu}+R_{\rho\lambda\sigma\mu;\nu}=0
Rρλμν;σ+Rρλνσ;μ+Rρλσμ;ν=0
此即Bianchi恒等式
证明:Bianchi恒等式
R
ρ
λ
μ
ν
=
g
ρ
δ
R
λ
μ
ν
δ
=
g
ρ
δ
(
−
Γ
λ
μ
,
ν
δ
+
Γ
λ
ν
,
μ
δ
−
Γ
λ
μ
σ
Γ
σ
ν
δ
+
Γ
λ
ν
σ
Γ
σ
μ
δ
)
R_{\rho\lambda\mu\nu}=g_{\rho\delta}R^\delta_{\lambda\mu\nu}=g_{\rho\delta}(-\Gamma^\delta_{\lambda\mu,\nu}+\Gamma^\delta_{\lambda\nu,\mu}-\Gamma^\sigma_{\lambda\mu}\Gamma^\delta_{\sigma\nu}+\Gamma^\sigma_{\lambda\nu}\Gamma^\delta_{\sigma\mu})
Rρλμν=gρδRλμνδ=gρδ(−Γλμ,νδ+Γλν,μδ−ΓλμσΓσνδ+ΓλνσΓσμδ)
张量方程:只需要选择一个特殊坐标系(
Γ
σ
λ
μ
\Gamma^\mu_{\sigma\lambda}
Γσλμ),该张量方程成立
第3/4项为零,第一二项和为
g
μ
ν
g_{\mu\nu}
gμν,将下式代入:
Γ
λ
μ
α
=
1
2
g
α
ν
(
g
μ
ν
,
λ
+
g
ν
λ
,
μ
−
g
λ
μ
,
ν
)
\Gamma^\alpha_{\lambda\mu}=\frac{1}{2}g^{\alpha\nu}(g_{\mu\nu,\lambda}+g_{\nu\lambda,\mu}-g_{\lambda\mu,\nu})
Γλμα=21gαν(gμν,λ+gνλ,μ−gλμ,ν)
得到:
R
ρ
λ
μ
ν
;
σ
=
1
2
(
g
ρ
ν
,
μ
,
λ
−
g
ν
λ
,
μ
,
ρ
−
g
ρ
μ
,
ν
,
λ
+
g
μ
λ
,
ν
,
ρ
)
,
σ
R_{\rho\lambda\mu\nu;\sigma}=\frac{1}{2}(g_{\rho\nu,\mu,\lambda}-g_{\nu\lambda,\mu,\rho}-g_{\rho\mu,\nu,\lambda}+g_{\mu\lambda,\nu,\rho})_{,\sigma}
Rρλμν;σ=21(gρν,μ,λ−gνλ,μ,ρ−gρμ,ν,λ+gμλ,ν,ρ),σ
所以:
R
ρ
λ
μ
ν
;
σ
+
R
ρ
λ
ν
σ
;
μ
+
R
ρ
λ
σ
μ
;
ν
=
1
2
[
g
ρ
ν
,
μ
,
λ
,
σ
−
g
ν
λ
,
μ
,
ρ
,
σ
−
g
ρ
μ
,
ν
,
λ
,
σ
+
g
μ
λ
,
ν
,
ρ
,
σ
+
g
ρ
σ
,
ν
,
λ
,
μ
−
g
σ
λ
,
ν
,
ρ
,
μ
−
g
ρ
ν
,
σ
,
λ
,
μ
+
g
ν
λ
,
σ
,
ρ
,
μ
+
g
ρ
μ
,
σ
,
λ
,
ν
−
g
μ
λ
,
σ
,
ρ
,
ν
−
g
ρ
σ
,
μ
,
λ
,
ν
+
g
σ
λ
,
μ
,
ρ
,
ν
]
=
0
\begin{aligned} &R_{\rho\lambda\mu\nu;\sigma}+R_{\rho\lambda\nu\sigma;\mu}+R_{\rho\lambda\sigma\mu;\nu}\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\left[g_{\rho\nu,\mu,\lambda,\sigma}-g_{\nu\lambda,\mu,\rho,\sigma}-g_{\rho\mu,\nu,\lambda,\sigma}+g_{\mu\lambda,\nu,\rho,\sigma} \right.\\ &+g_{\rho\sigma,\nu,\lambda,\mu}-g_{\sigma\lambda,\nu,\rho,\mu}-g_{\rho\nu,\sigma,\lambda,\mu}+g_{\nu\lambda,\sigma,\rho,\mu}\\ &\left.+g_{\rho\mu,\sigma,\lambda,\nu}-g_{\mu\lambda,\sigma,\rho,\nu}-g_{\rho\sigma,\mu,\lambda,\nu}+g_{\sigma\lambda,\mu,\rho,\nu}\right]\\ &=0 \end{aligned}
Rρλμν;σ+Rρλνσ;μ+Rρλσμ;ν=21[gρν,μ,λ,σ−gνλ,μ,ρ,σ−gρμ,ν,λ,σ+gμλ,ν,ρ,σ+gρσ,ν,λ,μ−gσλ,ν,ρ,μ−gρν,σ,λ,μ+gνλ,σ,ρ,μ+gρμ,σ,λ,ν−gμλ,σ,ρ,ν−gρσ,μ,λ,ν+gσλ,μ,ρ,ν]=0
证毕.
Bianchi恒等式的应用
R σ λ μ ν ; σ + R σ λ ν σ ; μ + R σ λ σ μ ; ν = 0 R σ λ μ ν ; σ + R λ ν ; μ − R λ μ ; ν = 0 ( R σ λ μ ν ; σ + R λ ν ; μ − R λ μ ; ν ) × g λ μ = 0 R σ μ μ ν ; σ + R μ ν ; μ − R ; ν = 0 R μ ν ; μ − 1 2 R ; ν = 0 \begin{aligned} {R^\sigma}_{\lambda\mu\nu;\sigma}+{R^\sigma}_{\lambda\nu\sigma;\mu}+{R^\sigma}_{\lambda\sigma\mu;\nu}&=0\\ {R^\sigma}_{\lambda\mu\nu;\sigma}+{R}_{\lambda\nu;\mu}-{R}_{\lambda\mu;\nu}&=0\\ ({R^\sigma}_{\lambda\mu\nu;\sigma}+{R}_{\lambda\nu;\mu}-{R}_{\lambda\mu;\nu})\times g^{\lambda\mu}&=0\\ {R^{\sigma\mu}}_{\mu\nu;\sigma}+{R^\mu}_{\nu;\mu}-R_{;\nu} &= 0\\ {R^\mu}_{\nu;\mu}-\frac{1}{2}R_{;\nu}&=0 \end{aligned} Rσλμν;σ+Rσλνσ;μ+Rσλσμ;νRσλμν;σ+Rλν;μ−Rλμ;ν(Rσλμν;σ+Rλν;μ−Rλμ;ν)×gλμRσμμν;σ+Rμν;μ−R;νRμν;μ−21R;ν=0=0=0=0=0
G μ ν = R μ ν − 1 2 g μ ν R → G μ ν = R μ ν − 1 2 δ μ ν R G_{\mu\nu}=R_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}R\rightarrow {G^\mu}_\nu ={R^\mu}_{\nu}-\frac{1}{2}{\delta^\mu}_\nu R Gμν=Rμν−21gμνR→Gμν=Rμν−21δμνR
得到:
G
μ
ν
;
μ
=
0
{G^\mu}_{\nu;\mu}=0
Gμν;μ=0
13、李微商与killing矢量
李微商
坐标变换
x
μ
→
x
~
μ
x^\mu\rightarrow \tilde x^\mu
xμ→x~μ,考虑一个无穷小的映射:
x
~
μ
=
x
μ
+
ϵ
ξ
μ
\tilde x^\mu=x^\mu +\epsilon \xi^\mu
x~μ=xμ+ϵξμ
其中,
ϵ
\epsilon
ϵ是无穷小参量,
ξ
μ
\xi^\mu
ξμ是任意给定的矢量场,称为映射的“生成元”。可以把上述坐标变换理解为同一坐标系下,不同点之间的对应关系
Lie微分关系与无穷小映射关系:
x μ x^\mu xμ与 x ~ μ \tilde x^\mu x~μ具相邻两点,其坐标差为 x ~ μ = x μ + ϵ ξ μ \tilde x^\mu= x^\mu+\epsilon \xi^\mu x~μ=xμ+ϵξμ。对于任意张量 T ⋯ ⋯ ( x ) T^\cdots_\cdots (x) T⋯⋯(x)(简记为 T ( x ) T(x) T(x)), P P P与 Q Q Q是相邻两点,通过上述映射关系来联系: ( P → ξ μ Q ) (P\mathop\rightarrow\limits_{\xi_\mu} Q) (Pξμ→Q),来研究 T ( P ) T(P) T(P)与 T ( Q ) T(Q) T(Q)的关系
问题: T ( P ) T(P) T(P)与 T ( Q ) T(Q) T(Q)如何比较?
回顾:协变微分 → \rightarrow →引入矢量平移 → \rightarrow →联络
现在:引入“映射下的张量移动” → T ( P ) → \rightarrow T(P)\rightarrow →T(P)→映射到 Q Q Q点,记为 T ( P ⇒ Q ) T(P\Rightarrow Q) T(P⇒Q),要求 T ( P ⇒ Q ) T(P\Rightarrow Q) T(P⇒Q)是 Q Q Q点的张量
Lie微商:
L
ξ
T
(
x
)
≡
lim
ϵ
→
0
T
(
Q
)
−
T
(
P
⇒
Q
)
ϵ
\mathcal L_\xi T(x) \equiv \lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{T(Q)-T(P\Rightarrow Q)}{\epsilon}
LξT(x)≡ϵ→0limϵT(Q)−T(P⇒Q)
注意到 ( p , q ) (p,q) (p,q)阶张量的李微商仍然是 ( p , q ) (p,q) (p,q)阶张量,因此,只要定义了 T ( P ⇒ Q ) T(P\Rightarrow Q) T(P⇒Q),就可以确定Lie微商的定义了
平移后张量的定义
(1)对于标量场,定义:
φ
(
P
⇒
Q
)
≡
φ
(
P
)
\varphi(P\Rightarrow Q)\equiv \varphi(P)
φ(P⇒Q)≡φ(P),因此:
L
ξ
φ
(
x
)
=
lim
ϵ
→
0
φ
(
Q
)
−
φ
(
P
)
ϵ
=
lim
ϵ
→
0
φ
,
μ
d
x
μ
ϵ
=
lim
ϵ
→
0
φ
,
μ
ϵ
ξ
μ
ϵ
=
φ
,
μ
ξ
μ
\mathcal L_\xi \varphi(x)=\lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{\varphi(Q)-\varphi(P)}{\epsilon}=\lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{\varphi_{,\mu}dx^\mu}{\epsilon}=\lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{\varphi_{,\mu}\epsilon\xi^\mu}{\epsilon}=\varphi_{,\mu}\xi^\mu
Lξφ(x)=ϵ→0limϵφ(Q)−φ(P)=ϵ→0limϵφ,μdxμ=ϵ→0limϵφ,μϵξμ=φ,μξμ
(2)对于逆变矢量
k
μ
(
x
)
k^\mu(x)
kμ(x),如何定义
k
μ
(
P
⇒
Q
)
k^\mu(P\Rightarrow Q)
kμ(P⇒Q)?
让 k μ ( x ) k^\mu(x) kμ(x)作为切矢量:
所以:
k
μ
(
P
)
k
μ
(
P
⇒
Q
)
=
d
x
μ
d
x
μ
+
ϵ
ξ
μ
,
ν
d
x
ν
⇒
k
μ
(
P
⇒
Q
)
=
k
μ
(
P
)
+
ϵ
ξ
μ
,
ν
(
P
)
k
ν
(
P
)
\frac{k^\mu(P)}{k^\mu(P\Rightarrow Q)}=\frac{dx^\mu}{dx^\mu+\epsilon{\xi^\mu}_{,\nu}dx^\nu}\Rightarrow k^\mu(P\Rightarrow Q)=k^\mu(P)+\epsilon{\xi^\mu}_{,\nu}(P)k^\nu(P)
kμ(P⇒Q)kμ(P)=dxμ+ϵξμ,νdxνdxμ⇒kμ(P⇒Q)=kμ(P)+ϵξμ,ν(P)kν(P)
L ξ k μ ( x ) = lim ϵ → 0 k μ ( Q ) − k μ ( P ⇒ Q ) ϵ = lim ϵ → 0 k μ ( Q ) − k μ ( P ) ϵ − ξ μ , ν k ν = k μ , ν ξ ν − ξ μ , ν k ν k μ ( Q ) = k μ ( P ) + k μ , ν d x ν = k μ ( P ) + k μ , ν ϵ ξ ν \begin{aligned} &\mathcal L_\xi k^\mu(x)=\lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{k^\mu(Q)-k^\mu(P\Rightarrow Q)}{\epsilon}=\lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{k^\mu(Q)-k^\mu(P)}{\epsilon}-{\xi^\mu}_{,\nu}k^\nu={k^\mu}_{,\nu}\xi^\nu-{\xi^\mu}_{,\nu}k^\nu\\ &k^\mu(Q)=k^\mu(P)+{k^\mu}_{,\nu}dx^\nu=k^\mu(P)+{k^\mu}_{,\nu}\epsilon\xi^\nu \end{aligned} Lξkμ(x)=ϵ→0limϵkμ(Q)−kμ(P⇒Q)=ϵ→0limϵkμ(Q)−kμ(P)−ξμ,νkν=kμ,νξν−ξμ,νkνkμ(Q)=kμ(P)+kμ,νdxν=kμ(P)+kμ,νϵξν
此即逆变矢量的移动法则。由此得到:
L
ξ
k
μ
=
k
,
ν
μ
ξ
ν
−
ξ
,
ν
μ
k
ν
\mathcal L_\xi k^\mu=k^\mu_{,\nu}\xi^\nu-\xi^\mu_{,\nu}k^\nu
Lξkμ=k,νμξν−ξ,νμkν
(3)定义分配率:
L
ξ
(
T
S
)
=
(
L
ξ
T
)
S
+
T
(
L
ξ
S
)
\mathcal L_\xi(TS)=(\mathcal L_\xi T)S+T(\mathcal L_\xi S)
Lξ(TS)=(LξT)S+T(LξS)
由此,便完成了张量平移的定义
对各种矢量和张量的Lie微分运算:
L
ξ
p
μ
=
p
μ
,
σ
ξ
σ
+
ξ
,
μ
σ
p
σ
L
ξ
T
μ
ν
=
T
μ
ν
,
ρ
ξ
ρ
+
T
ρ
ν
ξ
,
μ
ρ
+
T
μ
ρ
ξ
,
ν
ρ
L
ξ
T
ν
μ
=
T
ν
,
ρ
μ
ξ
ρ
−
T
ν
ρ
ξ
,
ρ
μ
+
T
ρ
μ
ξ
,
ν
ρ
L
ξ
T
μ
ν
=
T
,
ρ
μ
ν
ξ
ρ
−
T
ρ
ν
ξ
,
ρ
μ
−
T
μ
ρ
ξ
,
ρ
ν
\begin{aligned} \mathcal L_\xi p_\mu&=p_{\mu,\sigma}\xi^\sigma+\xi^\sigma_{,\mu}p_\sigma\\ \mathcal L_\xi T_{\mu\nu} &= T_{\mu\nu,\rho}\xi^\rho+T_{\rho\nu}\xi^\rho_{,\mu}+T_{\mu\rho}\xi^\rho_{,\nu}\\ \mathcal L_\xi T^\mu_\nu &= T^\mu_{\nu,\rho}\xi^\rho-T^\rho_\nu \xi^\mu_{,\rho}+T^\mu_\rho \xi^\rho_{,\nu}\\ \mathcal L_\xi T^{\mu\nu} &= T^{\mu\nu}_{,\rho}\xi^\rho-T^{\rho\nu}\xi^\mu_{,\rho}-T^{\mu\rho}\xi^\nu_{,\rho} \end{aligned}
LξpμLξTμνLξTνμLξTμν=pμ,σξσ+ξ,μσpσ=Tμν,ρξρ+Tρνξ,μρ+Tμρξ,νρ=Tν,ρμξρ−Tνρξ,ρμ+Tρμξ,νρ=T,ρμνξρ−Tρνξ,ρμ−Tμρξ,ρν
说明:
(1)Lie微商不仅取决于张量场,而且取决于生成元
(2)Lie微商不需要先有联络,但如果先有了联络,则可以证明上式中的普通微商都可以写为协变微商:
L
ξ
k
μ
=
k
;
ν
μ
ξ
ν
−
ξ
;
ν
μ
k
ν
L
ξ
T
μ
ν
=
T
μ
ν
;
ρ
ξ
ρ
+
T
ρ
ν
ξ
;
μ
ρ
+
T
μ
ρ
ξ
;
ν
ρ
\mathcal L_\xi k^\mu = k^\mu_{;\nu}\xi^\nu - \xi^\mu_{;\nu}k^\nu\\ \mathcal L_\xi T_{\mu\nu} = T_{\mu\nu;\rho}\xi^\rho+T_{\rho\nu}\xi^\rho_{;\mu}+T_{\mu\rho}\xi^\rho_{;\nu}
Lξkμ=k;νμξν−ξ;νμkνLξTμν=Tμν;ρξρ+Tρνξ;μρ+Tμρξ;νρ
(3)度规张量的Lie微商:
L
ξ
g
μ
ν
=
g
μ
ν
;
ρ
ξ
ρ
+
g
ρ
ν
ξ
;
μ
ρ
+
g
μ
ρ
ξ
;
ν
ρ
=
ξ
ν
;
μ
+
ξ
μ
;
ν
\mathcal L_\xi g_{\mu\nu}=g_{\mu\nu;\rho}\xi^\rho+g_{\rho\nu}\xi^\rho_{;\mu}+g_{\mu\rho}\xi^\rho_{;\nu}=\xi_{\nu;\mu}+\xi_{\mu;\nu}
Lξgμν=gμν;ρξρ+gρνξ;μρ+gμρξ;νρ=ξν;μ+ξμ;ν
Killing矢量
等度规映射
P
P
P和
P
′
P'
P′是相邻两点,坐标差为
d
x
μ
dx^\mu
dxμ,距离为:
d
s
P
P
′
2
=
g
μ
ν
(
P
)
d
x
μ
d
x
ν
ds^2_{PP'}=g_{\mu\nu}(P)dx^\mu dx^\nu
dsPP′2=gμν(P)dxμdxν
通过无穷小映射将
(
P
⇒
Q
,
P
′
⇒
Q
′
)
(P\Rightarrow Q,\ P'\Rightarrow Q')
(P⇒Q, P′⇒Q′),
Q
Q
Q与
Q
′
Q'
Q′的坐标差为
δ
x
μ
\delta x^\mu
δxμ,则其距离为:
d
s
Q
Q
′
2
=
g
μ
ν
(
Q
)
δ
x
μ
δ
x
ν
ds^2_{QQ'}=g_{\mu\nu}(Q)\delta x^\mu \delta x^\nu
dsQQ′2=gμν(Q)δxμδxν
定义:任意的
P
P
′
PP'
PP′,映射之后满足
d
s
P
P
′
2
=
d
s
Q
Q
′
2
ds^2_{PP'}=ds^2_{QQ'}
dsPP′2=dsQQ′2,此即等度规映射
Killing矢量:等度规映射的生成元
Killing方程:Killing矢量所满足的方程
Killing方程
推导:
d
s
P
P
′
2
=
d
s
Q
Q
′
2
=
g
μ
ν
(
Q
)
δ
x
μ
δ
x
ν
ds^2_{PP'}=ds^2_{QQ'}=g_{\mu\nu}(Q)\delta x^\mu\delta x^\nu
dsPP′2=dsQQ′2=gμν(Q)δxμδxν
其中,
d
s
P
P
′
2
=
g
μ
ν
(
P
)
d
x
μ
d
x
ν
ds^2_{PP'}=g_{\mu\nu}(P)dx^\mu dx^\nu
dsPP′2=gμν(P)dxμdxν,
g
μ
ν
(
Q
)
=
g
μ
ν
(
P
)
+
g
μ
ν
,
λ
(
P
)
ϵ
ξ
λ
g_{\mu\nu}(Q)=g_{\mu\nu}(P)+g_{\mu\nu,\lambda}(P)\epsilon\xi^\lambda
gμν(Q)=gμν(P)+gμν,λ(P)ϵξλ,
δ
x
μ
=
d
x
μ
+
ϵ
ξ
μ
,
λ
d
x
λ
\delta x^\mu=dx^\mu+\epsilon{\xi^\mu}_{,\lambda}dx^\lambda
δxμ=dxμ+ϵξμ,λdxλ,代入后保留一阶小量,得到:
g
μ
ν
,
λ
ξ
λ
d
x
μ
d
x
ν
+
g
μ
ν
ξ
μ
,
λ
d
x
λ
d
x
ν
+
g
μ
ν
ξ
ν
,
λ
d
x
λ
d
x
μ
=
0
g_{\mu\nu,\lambda}\xi^\lambda dx^\mu dx^\nu+g_{\mu\nu}{\xi^\mu}_{,\lambda}dx^\lambda dx^\nu+g_{\mu\nu}{\xi^\nu}_{,\lambda}dx^\lambda dx^\mu=0
gμν,λξλdxμdxν+gμνξμ,λdxλdxν+gμνξν,λdxλdxμ=0
第二项
λ
\lambda
λ与
μ
\mu
μ对换,第三项
λ
\lambda
λ与
ν
\nu
ν对换,即可得到Killing方程:
g
μ
ν
,
λ
ξ
λ
+
g
λ
ν
ξ
,
μ
λ
+
g
μ
λ
ξ
,
ν
λ
=
0
g_{\mu\nu,\lambda}\xi^\lambda+g_{\lambda\nu}\xi^\lambda_{,\mu}+g_{\mu\lambda}\xi^\lambda_{,\nu}=0
gμν,λξλ+gλνξ,μλ+gμλξ,νλ=0
QED.
两个任务:$g_{\mu\nu}\mathop\rightarrow\limits_{1} \xi_\mu\mathop\rightarrow\limits_{2} $找守恒量
任务2:任一Killing矢量 ξ μ \xi^\mu ξμ,一定对应一个路径积分 U μ ξ μ U^\mu\xi_\mu Uμξμ,它沿测地线是守恒量
证明:其中
U
μ
≡
d
x
μ
d
τ
U^\mu\equiv \dfrac{dx^\mu}{d\tau}
Uμ≡dτdxμ
D
D
τ
(
U
μ
ξ
μ
)
=
d
x
λ
d
τ
(
U
μ
ξ
μ
)
;
λ
=
U
λ
(
U
μ
;
λ
ξ
μ
)
+
U
λ
U
μ
ξ
μ
;
λ
=
0
(
第
一
项
对
称
,
第
二
项
反
对
称
)
\frac{D}{D\tau}(U^\mu\xi_\mu)=\frac{dx^\lambda}{d\tau}(U^\mu\xi_\mu)_{;\lambda}=U^\lambda({U^\mu}_{;\lambda}\xi_\mu)+U^\lambda U^\mu\xi_{\mu;\lambda}=0(第一项对称,第二项反对称)
DτD(Uμξμ)=dτdxλ(Uμξμ);λ=Uλ(Uμ;λξμ)+UλUμξμ;λ=0(第一项对称,第二项反对称)
Killing矢量与最大对称空间
出发点:Killing方程
ξ
μ
;
ν
+
ξ
ν
,
μ
=
0
\xi_{\mu;\nu}+\xi_{\nu,\mu}=0
ξμ;ν+ξν,μ=0
ξ σ ; ρ ; μ − ξ σ ; μ ; ρ = R λ σ ρ μ ξ λ (1) \xi_{\sigma;\rho;\mu}-\xi_{\sigma;\mu;\rho}={R^\lambda}_{\sigma\rho\mu}\xi_\lambda \tag{1} ξσ;ρ;μ−ξσ;μ;ρ=Rλσρμξλ(1)
把上式的三个指标
σ
ρ
μ
\sigma\rho\mu
σρμ做轮换(结合
R
λ
σ
ρ
μ
+
R
λ
μ
σ
ρ
+
R
λ
ρ
μ
σ
=
0
{R^\lambda}_{\sigma\rho\mu}+{R^\lambda}_{\mu\sigma\rho}+{R^\lambda}_{\rho\mu\sigma}=0
Rλσρμ+Rλμσρ+Rλρμσ=0):
ξ
σ
;
ρ
;
μ
−
ξ
σ
;
μ
;
ρ
+
ξ
μ
;
σ
;
ρ
−
ξ
μ
;
ρ
;
σ
+
ξ
ρ
;
μ
;
σ
−
ξ
ρ
;
σ
;
μ
=
0
\xi_{\sigma;\rho;\mu}-\xi_{\sigma;\mu;\rho}+\xi_{\mu;\sigma;\rho}-\xi_{\mu;\rho;\sigma}+\xi_{\rho;\mu;\sigma}-\xi_{\rho;\sigma;\mu}=0
ξσ;ρ;μ−ξσ;μ;ρ+ξμ;σ;ρ−ξμ;ρ;σ+ξρ;μ;σ−ξρ;σ;μ=0
得到:
ξ
σ
;
ρ
;
μ
−
ξ
σ
;
μ
;
ρ
−
ξ
μ
;
ρ
;
σ
=
0
\xi_{\sigma;\rho;\mu}-\xi_{\sigma;\mu;\rho}-\xi_{\mu;\rho;\sigma}=0
ξσ;ρ;μ−ξσ;μ;ρ−ξμ;ρ;σ=0
方程(1)变为:
ξ
μ
;
ρ
;
σ
=
R
λ
σ
ρ
μ
ξ
λ
\xi_{\mu;\rho;\sigma}={R^\lambda}_{\sigma\rho\mu}\xi_\lambda
ξμ;ρ;σ=Rλσρμξλ
因此,
ξ
λ
\xi_\lambda
ξλ的二阶协变微分可以由零阶来得到,三阶协变微分可以由一阶来得到。
ξ
λ
\xi_\lambda
ξλ的任意阶协变系数可以由零阶和一阶来构造
ξ
σ
(
x
)
→
T
a
y
l
o
r
展
开
A
ρ
λ
(
x
;
X
)
ξ
λ
+
B
ρ
λ
ν
(
x
;
X
)
ξ
λ
;
ν
(
X
)
+
⋯
\xi_\sigma(x)\mathop\rightarrow\limits^{Taylor展开}A^\lambda_\rho(x;X)\xi_\lambda+B^{\lambda\nu}_{\rho}(x;X)\xi_{\lambda;\nu}(X)+\cdots
ξσ(x)→Taylor展开Aρλ(x;X)ξλ+Bρλν(x;X)ξλ;ν(X)+⋯
由此,
ξ
σ
(
x
)
\xi_\sigma(x)
ξσ(x)由
N
N
N个
ξ
σ
(
X
)
\xi_\sigma(X)
ξσ(X)和
C
N
2
C^2_N
CN2个
ξ
σ
;
μ
(
X
)
\xi_{\sigma;\mu}(X)
ξσ;μ(X)来构造
所以,自由度为 N + C N 2 = N ( N + 1 ) 2 N+C^2_N=\dfrac{N(N+1)}{2} N+CN2=2N(N+1)
如果一个 n n n维空间中有 n ( n + 1 ) 2 \frac{n(n+1)}{2} 2n(n+1)个Killing矢量,则称为最大对称空间
如何寻找Killing矢量
(1)如果度规 g μ ν ( x μ ) g_{\mu\nu}(x^\mu) gμν(xμ)中不含某个坐标 x α x^\alpha xα,则 n α n^\alpha nα必为Killing矢量
举例:假设
g
μ
ν
(
x
)
g_{\mu\nu}(x)
gμν(x)中不含
t
t
t,Killing矢量
n
0
=
(
1
,
0
,
0
,
0
)
n^0=(1,0,0,0)
n0=(1,0,0,0),
n
0
U
0
n^0 U^0
n0U0是守恒量
g
μ
ν
,
λ
ξ
λ
+
g
λ
ν
ξ
λ
,
μ
+
g
μ
λ
ξ
λ
,
ν
=
0
g_{\mu\nu,\lambda}\xi^\lambda+g_{\lambda\nu}{\xi^\lambda}_{,\mu}+g_{\mu\lambda}{\xi^\lambda}_{,\nu}=0
gμν,λξλ+gλνξλ,μ+gμλξλ,ν=0
(2)如果存在某一Killing矢量,则一定可以通过坐标变换,使得度规中不显含
x
α
x^\alpha
xα
举例:对于史瓦西解:
d
τ
2
=
(
1
−
2
G
M
r
)
d
t
2
−
(
1
−
2
G
M
r
)
−
1
d
r
2
−
r
2
d
θ
2
−
r
2
sin
2
θ
d
φ
2
d\tau^2=\left(1-\frac{2GM}{r}\right)dt^2-\left(1-\frac{2GM}{r}\right)^{-1}dr^2-r^2 d\theta^2-r^2\sin^2\theta d\varphi^2
dτ2=(1−r2GM)dt2−(1−r2GM)−1dr2−r2dθ2−r2sin2θdφ2
g
μ
ν
g_{\mu\nu}
gμν不含
t
t
t,找到Killing矢量
n
0
=
(
1
,
0
,
0
,
0
)
n^0=(1,0,0,0)
n0=(1,0,0,0),
n
0
U
0
=
g
00
n
0
U
0
=
−
(
1
−
2
G
M
r
)
d
t
d
τ
=
c
o
n
s
t
n_0 U^0=g_{00}n^0U^0=-\left(1-\dfrac{2GM}{r}\right)\dfrac{dt}{d\tau}=const
n0U0=g00n0U0=−(1−r2GM)dτdt=const:能量守恒
g μ ν g_{\mu\nu} gμν不含 φ \varphi φ,找到Killing矢量 n 3 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ) n^3=(0,0,0,1) n3=(0,0,0,1), n 3 U 3 = g 33 n 3 U 3 = r 2 sin 2 θ d φ d τ = c o n s t n_3 U^3=g_{33}n^3 U^3=r^2\sin^2\theta\dfrac{d\varphi}{d\tau}=const n3U3=g33n3U3=r2sin2θdτdφ=const:角动量守恒