matrix algebra

definition

determinant：行列式
scalar：标量
vector：向量
matrix：矩阵
column vector：列向量
row vector：行向量
the transpose of $A$（$A^{\prime }$，$A^T$ ）：A的转置
square matrix：方阵
diagonal matrix：对角矩阵
identity matrix：单位矩阵
partitioned matrix：分块矩阵
orthogonal matrix:正交矩阵

matrix addition
if the matrix $A=(a_{ij})$ and $B=(b_{ij})$ are of the same order
then:
$$A+B=(a_{ij}+b_{ij})$$
besides:
$$\begin{gathered} A+B=B+A \\ A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C \end{gathered}$$

matrix multiplication
If $A$ is $k\times r$ and $c$ is real, we define their product as：
A c =