拉普拉斯变换解微分方程
拉氏变换解微分步骤
引言
- 拉普拉斯变换在求解线性微积分方程时是很有用的
- 利用拉普拉斯变换的微分和积分性质,对微积分方程的每一项做拉普拉斯变换
- 使时域的微积分方程变成了域的代数方程,且初始条件自动包含在内
- 求解s域的代数方程,然后再通过反变换将结果转换回时域
拉氏变换解微分方程
用拉普拉斯变换求解微分方程
- 初始条件为 v v v(0)=1, v ′ v^{'} v′(0)=-2
d 2 v ( t ) d t 2 + 6 d v ( t ) d t + 8 v ( t ) = 2 u ( t ) \frac{\mathrm{d}^2v(t)}{\mathrm{d}t^2}+6\frac{\mathrm{d}v(t)}{\mathrm{d}t}+8v(t)=2u(t) dt2d2v(t)+6dtdv(t)+8v(t)=2u(t)
对微分方程的两边做拉普拉斯变换,由拉氏变换的线性性质可得:
[ s 2 V ( s ) − s v ( 0 ) − v ′ ( 0 ) ] + 6 [ s V ( s ) − v ( 0 ) ] + 8 V ( s ) = 2 s [s^2V(s)-sv(0)-v^{\prime}(0)]+6[sV(s)-v(0)]+8V(s)=\frac2s [s2V(s)−sv(0)−v′(0)]+6[sV(s)−v(0)]+8V(s)=s2
代人初始值 v v v(0)=1, v ′ v^{'} v′(0)=-2,有:
s 2 V ( s ) − s + 2 + 6 s V ( s ) − 6 + 8 V ( s ) = 2 s s^2V(s)-s+2+6sV(s)-6+8V(s)=\frac2s s2V(s)−s+2+6sV(s)−6+8V(s)=s2
即
( s 2 + 6 s + 8 ) V ( s ) = s + 4 + 2 s = s 2 + 4 s + 2 s (s^2+6s+8)V(s)=s+4+\frac2s=\frac{s^2+4s+2}s (s2+6s+8)V(s)=s+4+s2=ss2+4s+2
因此:
V ( s ) = s 2 + 4 s + 2 s ( s + 2 ) ( s + 4 ) = A s + B s + 2 + C s + 4 V(s)=\frac{s^2+4s+2}{s(s+2)(s+4)}=\frac As+\frac B{s+2}+\frac C{s+4} V(s)=s(s+2)(s+4)s2+4s+2=sA+s+2B+s+4C
式中
A = s V ( s ) ∣ s = 0 = s 2 + 4 s + 2 ( s + 2 ) ( s + 4 ) ∣ s = 0 = 2 ( 2 ) ( 4 ) = 1 4 A=\left.sV(s)\mid_{s=0}=\frac{s^2+4s+2}{(s+2)(s+4)}\right|_{s=0}=\frac2{(2)(4)}=\frac14 A=sV(s)∣s=0=(s+2)(s+4)s2+4s+2 s=0=(2)(4)2=41
B = ( s + 2 ) V ( s ) ∣ s = − 2 = s 2 + 4 s + 2 s ( s + 4 ) ∣ s = − 2 = − 2 ( − 2 ) ( 2 ) = 1 2 B\left.=(s+2)V(s)\mid_{s=-2}=\frac{s^2+4s+2}{s(s+4)}\left.\right|_{s=-2}=\frac{-2}{(-2)(2)}=\frac12\right. B=(s+2)V(s)∣s=−2=s(s+4)s2+4s+2∣s=−2=(−2)(2)−2=21
C = ( s + 4 ) V ( s ) ∣ s = − 4 = s 2 + 4 s + 2 s ( s + 2 ) ∣ s = − 4 = 2 ( − 4 ) ( − 2 ) = 1 4 C=(s+4)V(s)\left.\right|_{s=-4}=\frac{s^2+4s+2}{s\left(s+2\right)}\left.\right|_{s=-4}=\frac2{(-4)(-2)}=\frac14 C=(s+4)V(s)∣s=−4=s(s+2)s2+4s+2∣s=−4=(−4)(−2)2=41
因此:
V ( s ) = 1 4 s + 1 2 s + 2 + 1 4 s + 4 V(s)=\frac{\frac14}s+\frac{\frac12}{s+2}+\frac{\frac14}{s+4} V(s)=s41+s+221+s+441
求拉普拉斯反变换,得:
υ ( t ) = 1 4 ( 1 + 2 e − 2 t + e − 4 t ) u ( t ) \upsilon(t)=\frac14(1+2e^{-2t}+e^{-4t})u(t) υ(t)=41(1+2e−2t+e−4t)u(t)
求微积分方程的响应
- 求微积分方程的响应y(t)
d y d t + 5 y ( t ) + 6 ∫ 0 t y ( τ ) d τ = u ( t ) , y ( 0 ) = 2 \frac{dy}{dt}+5y(t)+6\int_0^ty(\tau)d\tau=u(t),\quad y(0)=2 dtdy+5y(t)+6∫0ty(τ)dτ=u(t),y(0)=2
对微积分方程的两边做拉普拉斯变换,由拉氏变换的线性性质可得:
[ s Y ( s ) − y ( 0 ) ] + 5 Y ( s ) + 6 s Y ( s ) = 1 s [sY(s)-y(0)]+5Y(s)+\frac6sY(s)=\frac1s [sY(s)−y(0)]+5Y(s)+s6Y(s)=s1
代人y(0)=2,两边乘以s,得:
Y ( s ) ( s 2 + 5 s + 6 ) = 1 + 2 s Y(s)(s^2+5s+6)=1+2s Y(s)(s2+5s+6)=1+2s
即
Y ( s ) = 2 s 2 + 1 ( s 2 + 2 ) ( s 2 + 3 ) = A s 2 + 2 + B s 2 + 3 Y(s)=\frac{2s^2+1}{(s^2+2)(s^2+3)}=\frac A{s^2+2}+\frac B{s^2+3} Y(s)=(s2+2)(s2+3)2s2+1=s2+2A+s2+3B
式中
A = ( s + 2 ) Y ( s ) ∣ s = − 2 = 2 s + 1 s + 3 ∣ s = − 2 = − 3 1 = − 3 A=(s+2)Y(s)\left.\right|_{s=-2}=\left.\frac{2s+1}{s+3}\right|_{s=-2}=\frac{-3}1=-3 A=(s+2)Y(s)∣s=−2=s+32s+1 s=−2=1−3=−3
B = ( s + 3 ) Y ( s ) ∣ s = − 3 = 2 s + 1 s + 2 ∣ s = − 3 = − 5 − 1 = 5 B=(s+3)Y(s)\left.\right|_{s=-3}=\frac{2s+1}{s+2}\left.\right|_{s=-3}=\frac{-5}{-1}=5 B=(s+3)Y(s)∣s=−3=s+22s+1∣s=−3=−1−5=5
因此
Y ( s ) = − 3 s 2 + 2 + 5 s 2 + 3 Y(s)=\frac{-3}{s^2+2}+\frac5{s^2+3} Y(s)=s2+2−3+s2+35
其反变换为:
y ( t ) = ( − 3 e − 2 t + 5 e − 3 t ) u ( t ) y(t)=(-3e^{-2t}+5e^{-3t})u(t) y(t)=(−3e−2t+5e−3t)u(t)