1.丢弃片段
丢弃纹理中透明部分的片段,保留不透明部分的片段
如何加载透明纹理?
stb_image会自动加载,但我们需要告诉OpenGL
因此使用
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
2.半透明图形渲染——使用混合(blend)
(1)混合开启:glEnable(GL_BLEND);
(2)混合公式:
(3)因子值设置:
glBlendFunc(GLenum sfactor, GLenum dfactor)
glBlendFuncSeparate(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
(4)渲染顺序:
先绘制所有不透明的物体(从前往后)
对所有透明的物体排序。
按顺序绘制所有透明的物体(从后往前)
3.练习
(1)代码
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include <learnopengl/shader_m.h>
#include <learnopengl/camera.h>
#include <learnopengl/model.h>
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char* path);
// 窗口设置
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
// 照相机
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;
// 帧
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
int main()
{
// glfw: 初始化与配置
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw 窗口创建
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL17", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
//设置回调函数
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// 捕获鼠标
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// tell stb_image.h to flip loaded texture's on the y-axis (before loading model).
stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
// 深度测试
// -----------------------------
//glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
//glDepthFunc(GL_ALWAYS);
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
// shaders创建、链接
// -------------------------
Shader ourShader("1.vs", "1.fs");
float cubeVertices[] = {
// positions // texture Coords
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
float planeVertices[] = {
// positions // texture Coords (note we set these higher than 1 (together with GL_REPEAT as texture wrapping mode). this will cause the floor texture to repeat)
5.0f, -0.5f, 5.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f,
-5.0f, -0.5f, 5.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
5.0f, -0.5f, 5.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f,
-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f,
5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f
};
float transparentVertices[] = {
// positions // texture Coords (swapped y coordinates because texture is flipped upside down)
0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
1.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f
};
//cube VAO
unsigned int cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glBindVertexArray(0);
// plane VAO
unsigned int planeVAO, planeVBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(planeVertices), &planeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glBindVertexArray(0);
// transparent VAO
unsigned int transparentVAO, transparentVBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &transparentVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &transparentVBO);
glBindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, transparentVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(transparentVertices), transparentVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glBindVertexArray(0);
// draw in wireframe
//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
// load textures
// -------------
string path1 = "F:/DeskTop/texture/marble.jpg";
string path2 = "F:/DeskTop/texture/metal.png";
string path3 = "F:/DeskTop/texture/blending_transparent_window.png";
//unsigned int cubeTexture = loadTexture(FileSystem::getPath("resources/textures/marble.jpg").c_str());
//unsigned int floorTexture = loadTexture(FileSystem::getPath("resources/textures/metal.png").c_str());
unsigned int cubeTexture = loadTexture(path1.c_str());
unsigned int floorTexture = loadTexture(path2.c_str());
unsigned int transparentTexture = loadTexture(path3.c_str());
// transparent window locations
// --------------------------------
vector<glm::vec3> windows
{
glm::vec3(-1.5f, 0.0f, -0.48f),
glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.0f, 0.51f),
glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.7f),
glm::vec3(-0.3f, 0.0f, -2.3f),
glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.0f, -0.6f)
};
ourShader.use();
ourShader.setInt("texture1", 0);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// per-frame time logic
// --------------------
float currentFrame = static_cast<float>(glfwGetTime());
deltaTime = (currentFrame - lastFrame);
lastFrame = currentFrame;
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
//sort
std::map<float, glm::vec3> sorted;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++)
{
float distance = glm::length(camera.Position - windows[i]);
sorted[distance] = windows[i];
}
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT ); // don't forget to clear the stencil buffer!
// view/projection transformations
//singleShader.use();
//glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
//glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
//glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
//singleShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
//singleShader.setMat4("view", view);
//ourShader.use();
//ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
//ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
ourShader.use();
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
// cubes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f));
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
// floor
glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, floorTexture);
ourShader.setMat4("model", glm::mat4(1.0f));
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glBindVertexArray(0);
// windows (from furthest to nearest)
glBindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, transparentTexture);
for (std::map<float, glm::vec3>::reverse_iterator it = sorted.rbegin(); it != sorted.rend(); ++it)
{
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, it->second);
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
}
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
// glfw: terminate, clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{
float xpos = static_cast<float>(xposIn);
float ypos = static_cast<float>(yposIn);
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast<float>(yoffset));
}
// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
(2)运行结果
4.面剔除
(1)一个面有两侧,其中一侧背向用户,只绘制其中一侧。
(2)OpenGL做法:分析顶点环绕顺序,检查正向面,丢弃背向面
(3)环绕顺序:环绕一组三角形顶点,从两侧看顺序方向相反
5.面剔除相关函数
(1)面剔除开启:glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
(2)改变剔除面:glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
GL_BACK:只剔除背向面。(默认)
GL_FRONT:只剔除正向面。
GL_FRONT_AND_BACK:剔除正向面和背向面。
(3)设置正面的顺序:glFrontFace(GL_CCW);
GL_CCW:逆时针
GL_CW:顺时针
6.练习
重新定义顶点数据,将每个三角形设置为顺时针顺序,并将顺时针的三角形设置为正向面
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glCullFace(GL_BACK);
glFrontFace(GL_CW);
正面:
背面:
cube内部: