23考研李林880第九章曲线积分与曲面积分综合题3-21

视频讲解：23考研李林880第九章曲线积分与曲面积分综合题3-21

题目

设$f(x,y)$在$x^2+y^2\le 1$上有一阶连续偏导数，且在边界上取值为零，证明：
$$\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{-1}{2\pi }\underset{D}{\iint }\frac{x{f}_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+y{f}_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)}{x^2+y^2}dxdy=f\left(0,0\right)$$
其中$D:t^2\le x^2+y^2\le 1,t>0$

解答

对二重积分做极坐标代换
$$\begin{array}{rl}\underset{D}{\iint }\frac{x{f}_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+y{f}_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)}{x^2+y^2}dxdy& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }d\theta {\int }_t^1\frac{r\cos \theta \cdot f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+r\sin \theta \cdot f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)}{r^2}rdr\\ & ={\int }_0^{2\pi }d\theta {\int }_t^1\left[\cos \theta \cdot f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+\sin \theta \cdot f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\right]dr\\ & ={\int }_0^{2\pi }d\theta {\int }_t^1\left[f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\cdot \cos \theta +f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\cdot \sin \theta \right]dr\end{array}$$
其中
$$f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\cdot \cos \theta =\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial x}{\partial r}$$
$$f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\cdot \sin \theta =\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial y}{\partial r}$$
$$\therefore f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\cdot \cos \theta +f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\cdot \sin \theta =\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial x}{\partial r}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial y}{\partial r}$$
根据复合函数求导法则，我们知道
$$\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cdot \frac{\partial x}{\partial r}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\cdot \frac{\partial y}{\partial r}$$
我们这里其实就是将复合函数求导法则反过来用
$$\begin{array}{rl}\therefore {\int }_t^1\left[\cos \theta \cdot f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+\sin \theta \cdot f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\right]dr& ={\int }_t^1{f}_r^{\prime }\left(r\cos \theta ,r\sin \theta \right)dr\\ & =f\left(r\cos \theta ,r\sin \theta \right){\mid }_t^1\\ & =f\left(\cos \theta ,\sin \theta \right)-f\left(t\cos \theta ,t\sin \theta \right)\end{array}$$
$f(x,y)$在$x^2+y^2\le 1$边界上取值为零
所以$f(cos\theta ,sin\theta )=0$
$$\therefore {\int }_t^1\left[\cos \theta \cdot f_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+\sin \theta \cdot f_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)\right]dr=-f\left(t\cos \theta ,t\sin \theta \right)$$
$$\therefore \underset{D}{\iint }\frac{x{f}_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+y{f}_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)}{x^2+y^2}dxdy=-{\int }_0^{2\pi }f\left(t\cos \theta ,t\sin \theta \right)d\theta$$
因为$f(x,y)$在$x^2+y^2\le 1$上有一阶连续偏导数，所以$f(x,y)$在该区域上连续
由积分中值定理可得
$${\int }_0^{2\pi }f\left(t\cos \theta ,t\sin \theta \right)d\theta =f\left(t\cos \xi ,t\sin \xi \right)\cdot 2\pi \text{其中}\xi \in \left(0,2\pi \right)$$
$$\therefore \underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }f\left(t\cos \xi ,t\sin \xi \right)=f\left(0,0\right)$$
带回去即可证出
$$\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{-1}{2\pi }\underset{D}{\iint }\frac{x{f}_x^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)+y{f}_y^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)}{x^2+y^2}dxdy=f\left(0,0\right)$$