1. 四阶单位张量
考虑向量函数
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\bm{f}'(\bm{v})[\bm{u}]=\lim_{h\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\bm{f}(\bm{v}+h\bm{u})-\bm{f}(\bm{v})}{h}=\bm{u}=\mathbf{I}\cdot\bm{u}=\bm{u}\cdot\mathbf{I}
f′(v)[u]=h→0limhf(v+hu)−f(v)=u=I⋅u=u⋅I故可将二阶单位张量视为:
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{\dfrac{d\bm{v}}{d\bm{v}}}_{L}={\dfrac{d\bm{v}}{d\bm{v}}}_{R}=\mathbf{I}=\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_k=\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm{g}^k
dvdvL=dvdvR=I=gk⊗gk=gk⊗gk类比考虑四阶单位张量的定义,对二阶张量函数
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\begin{align*} \mathbf{F}'(\mathbf{A})[\mathbf{B}] &=\lim_{h\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{A}+h\mathbf{B})-\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{A})}{h}\\[4mm] &=\mathbf{B} =B_{ij}\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^j =B_{ij}\delta_{k}^i\delta^j_{l}\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l\\[2mm] &=(B_{ij}\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^j):(\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l) =\mathbf{B}:(\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l)\\[2mm] &=(\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l):(B_{ij}\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^j) =(\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l):\mathbf{B} \end{align*}
F′(A)[B]=h→0limhF(A+hB)−F(A)=B=Bijgi⊗gj=Bijδkiδljgk⊗gl=(Bijgi⊗gj):(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl)=B:(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl)=(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl):(Bijgi⊗gj)=(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl):B且
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\begin{align*} \bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l &=g_{km}g_{ln}g^{kp}g^{lq}~\bm{g}^m\otimes\bm{g}^n\otimes\bm g_{p}\otimes\bm{g}_q\\[2mm] &=\delta^p_m\delta^q_n~\bm{g}^m\otimes\bm{g}^n\otimes\bm g_{p}\otimes\bm{g}_q\\[2mm] &=\bm{g}^m\otimes\bm{g}^n\otimes\bm g_{m}\otimes\bm{g}_n =\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\\[2mm] \bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l &=g_{km}g^{kn}~\bm{g}^m\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm g_{n}\otimes\bm{g}^l\\[2mm] &=\delta_m^{n}~\bm{g}^m\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm g_{n}\otimes\bm{g}^l =\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l\\[2mm] \bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l &=g_{lm}g^{ln}~\bm{g}_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^{m}\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}_n\\[2mm] &=\delta_m^{n}~\bm{g}_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^{m}\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}_n =\bm{g}_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^{l}\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\\[2mm] \end{align*}
gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗glgk⊗gl⊗gk⊗glgk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=gkmglngkpglq gm⊗gn⊗gp⊗gq=δmpδnq gm⊗gn⊗gp⊗gq=gm⊗gn⊗gm⊗gn=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=gkmgkn gm⊗gl⊗gn⊗gl=δmn gm⊗gl⊗gn⊗gl=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=glmgln gk⊗gm⊗gk⊗gn=δmn gk⊗gm⊗gk⊗gn=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl故定义四阶单位张量(
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1−3,2−4 指标为哑指标):
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\begin{align} \mathbb{I}\triangleq {\dfrac{d\mathbf{A}}{d\mathbf{A}}}_{L}={\dfrac{d\mathbf{A}}{d\mathbf{A}}}_{R} &=\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l =\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\notag\\[4mm] &=\bm{g}_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^{l}\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l =\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l \end{align}
I≜dAdAL=dAdAR=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl显然,四阶单位张量不等于度量张量的并矢(
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\begin{equation} \mathbb{I}\ne\mathbf{I}\otimes\mathbf{I}=\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^l =\cdots \end{equation}
I=I⊗I=gk⊗gk⊗gl⊗gl=⋯从四阶张量的引出过程可知四阶单位张量与任意仿射量间满足:
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\begin{equation} \mathbb{I}:\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}:\mathbb{I}=\mathbf{B}\qquad(\forall~\mathbf{B}\in\mathscr{T}^2) \end{equation}
I:B=B:I=B(∀ B∈T2)四阶单位张量与其它四阶张量间满足:
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\begin{equation} \begin{cases} \mathbb{I}:\mathbb{A} =(\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm{g}_l):(A_{mnpq}\bm g^{m}\otimes\bm{g}^n\otimes\bm{g}^p\otimes\bm{g}^q) =\mathbb{A}\\[4mm] \mathbb{A}:\mathbb{I} =(A_{mnpq}\bm g^{m}\otimes\bm{g}^n\otimes\bm{g}^p\otimes\bm{g}^q):(\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l) =\mathbb{A}\qquad(\forall~\mathbb{A}\in\mathscr{T}^4) \end{cases} \end{equation}
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⎧I:A=(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl):(Amnpqgm⊗gn⊗gp⊗gq)=AA:I=(Amnpqgm⊗gn⊗gp⊗gq):(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl)=A(∀ A∈T4)
2. 由四阶单位张量导出的其它特殊的四阶张量
2.1 四阶单位张量的转置
对四阶单位张量
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\mathbb{I}=\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l
I=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl 进行转置得到结果:
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\begin{cases} \text{交换 $1-4$ 或 $2-3$ 指标:} & \mathbf{I}\otimes\mathbf{I} =\bm g^{l}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_k =\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^l \\[3mm] \text{交换 $1-3$ 或 $2-4$ 指标:} & \mathbb{I} =\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l =\bm{g}_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^{l}\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l \\[3mm] \text{交换 $1-2$ 或 $3-4$ 指标:} & \bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l =\bm{g}_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_{l}\otimes\bm g^{l}\otimes\bm{g}^k \end{cases}
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⎧交换 1−4 或 2−3 指标:交换 1−3 或 2−4 指标:交换 1−2 或 3−4 指标:I⊗I=gl⊗gl⊗gk⊗gk=gk⊗gk⊗gl⊗glI=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl=gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗glgl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl=gk⊗gl⊗gl⊗gk将上述结果中除
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\begin{align} \mathbb{I}^T&=\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l =\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\notag \\[3mm] &=\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l =\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l \end{align}
IT=gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl=gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl=gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl=gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl上述定义意味着:未特别声明时,四阶单位张量的转置是针对
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\begin{equation} \begin{cases} \mathbb{I}^T:\mathbf{B} =(\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l ):(B^{mn}\bm{g}_m\otimes\bm{g}_n) =B^{mn}\bm{g}_n\otimes\bm{g}_m =\mathbf{B}^T \\[4mm] \mathbf{B}:\mathbb{I}^T =(B_{mn}\bm{g}^m\otimes\bm{g}^n):(\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm g^{k}\otimes\bm{g}^l ) =B_{mn}\bm{g}^n\otimes\bm{g}^m =\mathbf{B}^T \end{cases} \end{equation}
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⎧IT:B=(gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl):(Bmngm⊗gn)=Bmngn⊗gm=BTB:IT=(Bmngm⊗gn):(gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl)=Bmngn⊗gm=BT易知:
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IT与任意四阶张量双点积的结果等于四阶张量对参与双点积的指标进行转置,因为
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\begin{cases} \mathbb{I}^T:\mathbf{A}=A_{ijkl}(\mathbb{I}^T:\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^j)\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l =A_{ijkl}\bm{g}^j\otimes\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l\\[4mm] \mathbf{A}:\mathbb{I}^T=A_{ijkl}\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^j(\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l:\mathbb{I}^T) =A_{ijkl}\bm{g}^i\otimes\bm{g}^j\otimes\bm{g}^l\otimes\bm{g}^k \end{cases}
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⎧IT:A=Aijkl(IT:gi⊗gj)⊗gk⊗gl=Aijklgj⊗gi⊗gk⊗glA:IT=Aijklgi⊗gj(⊗gk⊗gl:IT)=Aijklgi⊗gj⊗gl⊗gk则
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\mathbb{I}^T:\mathbb{I}^T=\mathbb{I}
IT:IT=I
对于彷射量
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\dfrac{d\bm{A^T}}{d\bm A}=\mathbb{I}^T
dAdAT=IT
2.2 对称的四阶单位张量
将四阶单位张量关于
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1−2指标对称化,则可得到对称的四阶单位张量:
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\begin{align} \stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}\triangleq\dfrac{1}{2}(\mathbb{I}+\mathbb{I}^T) &=\dfrac{1}{2}(\bm g_{k}\otimes\bm{g}_l\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l+\bm g_{l}\otimes\bm{g}_k\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l)\notag\\[4mm] &=\dfrac{1}{2}(\delta^i_{k}\delta^j_{l}+\delta^j_{k}\delta^i_{l})\bm g_{i}\otimes\bm{g}_j\otimes\bm{g}^k\otimes\bm{g}^l \end{align}
I4s≜21(I+IT)=21(gk⊗gl⊗gk⊗gl+gl⊗gk⊗gk⊗gl)=21(δkiδlj+δkjδli)gi⊗gj⊗gk⊗gl显然,对称的四阶单位张量满足 Vogit 对称性:
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\begin{equation} \stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}_{ijkl}=\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}_{klij}, \quad \stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}_{ijkl}=\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}_{jikl}=\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}_{ijlk} \end{equation}
I4sijkl=I4sklij,I4sijkl=I4sjikl=I4sijlk易知:
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I4s与任意四阶张量双点积的结果等于四阶张量对参与双点积的指标进行对称化。则
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对于彷射量
A
\bm{A}
A,易证得:
d
s
y
m
(
A
)
d
A
=
I
4
s
\dfrac{d~sym(\bm{A})}{d\bm A}=\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}
dAd sym(A)=I4s
2.3 四阶投影张量
通常,对任意对称仿射量
B
\mathbf{B}
B ,我们会对它进行如下分解:
B
=
1
3
t
r
(
B
)
I
+
d
e
v
B
=
1
3
B
:
(
I
⊗
I
)
+
d
e
v
B
⟹
d
e
v
B
=
B
:
(
I
4
s
−
1
3
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⊗
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)
=
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3
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⊗
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)
:
B
\begin{align*} & \mathbf{B}=\dfrac{1}{3}tr(\mathbf{B})\mathbf{I}+dev~\mathbf{B}=\dfrac{1}{3}\mathbf{B}:(\mathbf{I}\otimes\mathbf{I})+dev~\mathbf{B}\\[5mm] ~\Longrightarrow~ &dev~\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}:(\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb{I}}-\dfrac{1}{3}(\mathbf{I}\otimes\mathbf{I})) =(\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb{I}}-\dfrac{1}{3}(\mathbf{I}\otimes\mathbf{I})):\mathbf{B} \end{align*}
⟹ B=31tr(B)I+dev B=31B:(I⊗I)+dev Bdev B=B:(I4s−31(I⊗I))=(I4s−31(I⊗I)):B记
{
I
m
≜
1
3
I
⊗
I
I
s
≜
I
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−
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⟹
I
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:
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=
I
m
:
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=
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m
\begin{equation} \begin{cases} \mathbb{I}_m\triangleq\dfrac{1}{3}\bold{I}\otimes\bold{I}\\[4mm] \mathbb{I}_s\triangleq\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb{I}}-\mathbb{I}_m \end{cases} ~\Longrightarrow~ \stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}:{\mathbb I}_m={\mathbb I}_m:\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb I}={\mathbb I}_m \end{equation}
⎩
⎨
⎧Im≜31I⊗IIs≜I4s−Im ⟹ I4s:Im=Im:I4s=Im则对称仿射量的偏量部分与球量部分可分别表示为:
{
d
e
v
B
=
I
s
:
B
=
B
:
I
s
B
−
d
e
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=
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:
B
=
B
:
I
m
\begin{equation} \begin{cases} dev~\mathbf{B}= \mathbb{I}_s:\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}:\mathbb{I}_s\\[4mm] \mathbf{B}-dev~\mathbf{B}=\mathbb{I}_m:\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}:\mathbb{I}_m \end{cases} \end{equation}
⎩
⎨
⎧dev B=Is:B=B:IsB−dev B=Im:B=B:Im
此外,
I
m
{\mathbb I}_m
Im 与四阶投影张量
I
s
{\mathbb I}_s
Is 间还满足:
{
I
m
:
I
m
=
1
9
I
⊗
I
:
I
⊗
I
=
1
9
(
t
r
I
)
I
⊗
I
=
I
m
I
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:
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=
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:
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=
I
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I
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:
I
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I
s
:
I
m
=
0
\begin{cases} \mathbb{I}_m:\mathbb{I}_m=\dfrac{1}{9}\bold{I}\otimes\bold{I}:\bold{I}\otimes\bold{I} =\dfrac{1}{9}(tr~\bold{I})\bold{I}\otimes\bold{I}=\mathbb{I}_m\\\\ \mathbb{I}_s:\mathbb{I}_s=(\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb{I}}-\mathbb{I}_m):(\stackrel{4s}{\mathbb{I}}-\mathbb{I}_m) =\mathbb{I}_s\\\\ \mathbb{I}_m:\mathbb{I}_s=\mathbb{I}_s:\mathbb{I}_m=0 \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧Im:Im=91I⊗I:I⊗I=91(tr I)I⊗I=ImIs:Is=(I4s−Im):(I4s−Im)=IsIm:Is=Is:Im=0