重学 Statistics, Cha9 Hypothesis Tests

9.1 Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis H0: a tentative assumption about a population parameter such as a population mean or a population proportion.
Alternative Hypothesis Ha: the opposite of what is stated in the null hypothesis

我们想测试瓶装可乐有没有和标签所说，至少67.6盎司，因此建立了以下的假设，这个假设应用于 label 是错的，瓶子装少了
H0: μ >= 67.6
Ha: μ < 67.6

但是当我们分别站在生产工厂和消费者的角度去思考，消费者如果拿到的真正容量少于67.6，那么则会不满足标准；但是多余67.6，对工厂来说，是亏了。 于是，我们建立以下的假设：
H0: μ = 67.6
Ha: μ != 67.6

因此，这是一个 two-tailed test, 而用大于或小于的符号，是 one tailed test.

9.2 Type I and Type II Errors

Level of Significance: The level of significance is the probability of making a Type I error when the null hypothesis is true as an equality.
The Greek symbol α (alpha) is used to denote the level of significance, and common choices for α are .05 and .01.
当 level of significance 大的时候，也就是所 type I error可能性很大的时候，可能是 α使用的比较大。

Because of the uncertainty associated with making a Type II error when conducting significance tests, statisticians usually recommend that we use the statement “do not reject H0”
instead of “accept H0.”

9.3 Population Mean: σ Known

One-Tailed Test

Step 1: Develop null and alternative hypotheses
Step 2: Decide μ（一般用 hypothesis里的来做） and α
Step 3: Collect sample data and compute test statistic

Lower Tail Test: H0: μ>= μ0 Ha: μ < μ0
Upper Tail Test: H0: μ<= μ0 Ha: μ > μ0

因为 σ已知，σ=0.18. n=36, 因此 σx = 0.03

所以可以计算 z=x¯−