自动驾驶-Planning and Control

        使用经典的启发式算法,比如A*算法来做行车判定很不靠谱,容易卡在局部最优解,浪费大量的试错也不好优化。

        特斯拉的做法呢,是使用蒙特卡洛树搜索,结合神经网络来进行行车的决策。

在这里插入图片描述

 

咱们先来说说蒙特卡洛树搜索,这个算法的名声啊很大,主要是因为谷歌当年在围棋人机大战中称王称霸的AlphaGo,就是基于这个算法的。算法的原理也很直白,就是根据当前一直的状态,在有限的时间和资源下,尽可能简单的模拟出各种可能的解决方法,并做出一个最符合要求的行动,来改变当前的状态,然后再次重新模拟。

有那么点儿高手比武,虽然两人都没动,但是在一年中已经相互过招无数,最后一招定输赢意思。

当年谷歌在AlphaGo上设计的精髓,在特斯拉的决策系统中得到了很好的体现,就是不做模拟,直接使用一个神经网络来估计在不同行驶状态下,各种驾驶决策有可能导致的结果,提供给蒙特卡洛树搜索来做选择。

而这个神经网络呢,我认为就是通过对人类驾驶行为进行模拟学习所得来的,Tesla也给出了蒙特卡洛树搜索在做选择时的要求和例子,那就是:① 安全性,有没有可能撞到东西,② 舒适性,系统所做的选择会不会突然加速或者减速而导致乘客不适&#x

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国外机器人学教材 The classic text on robot manipulators now covers visual control, motion planning and mobile robots too! Robotics provides the basic know-how on the foundations of robotics: modelling, planning and control. The text develops around a core of consistent and rigorous formalism with fundamental and technological material giving rise naturally and with gradually increasing difficulty to more advanced considerations. The theory of manipulator structures presented in the early part of the book encompasses: • the fundamentals: kinematics, statics and trajectory planning; and • the technology of actuators, sensors and control units. Subsequently, more advanced instruction is given in: • dynamics and motion control of robot manipulators; • environmental interaction using exteroceptive sensory data (force and vision); • mobile robots; and • motion planning. Appendices ensure that students will have access to a consistent level of background in basic areas such as rigid-body mechanics, feedback control, and others. Problems are raised and the proper tools established to find engineering-oriented solutions rather than to focus on abstruse theoretical methodology. To impart practical skill, more than 60 examples and case studies are carefully worked out and interwoven through the text, with frequent resort to simulation. In addition, nearly 150 end-of-chapter problems are proposed, and the book is accompanied by a pdf solutions manual and MATLAB® code for computer problems; these are available free of charge to those adopting Robotics as a textbook for courses. This text is suitable for use in senior undergraduate and graduate courses in automation and computer, electrical, electronic and mechanical engineering courses with strong robotics content.

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