2020 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 3 套）——解析版

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2020年12月大学英语四级考试真题(三)

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write on the topic Changes in the Way of Communication. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)

说明：由于 2020 年 12 月 四级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前两套内容相同 , 只是选项顺序不同 , 因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one weird for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the rorresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
  The things people make, and the way they make them, determine how cities grow and decline, and influence how empires rise and fall. So, any disrupt on to the world’s factories 26 . And that disruption is surely coming. Factories are being digitised, filled with new sensors and new computers to make them quicker, more 27 , and more efficient.
  Robots are breaking free from the cages that surround them, learning new skills and new ways of working. And 3D printers have long 28 a world where you can make anything, anywhere, from a computerised design. .That vision is 29 closer to reality. These forces will lead to cleaner factories, producing better goods at lower prices, personalised to our individual needs and desires.Humans will be 30 many of the, dirty, repetitive, and dangerous jobs that have long been a 31 of factory life.
  Greater efficiency 32 means fewer people can do the same work. Yet factory bosses in many developed countries are worried about a lack of skilled human workers-and see 33 and robots as a solution. But economist Helena Leurent says this period of rapid change in manufacturing is a 34 opportunity to make the world a better place. "Manufacturing is the one system where you have got the biggest source of innovation, the biggest source of economic growth, and the biggest source of great jobs in the past. You can see it changing. That’s an opportunity to 35 that system differently, and if we can, it will hdve tremendous significance. "

A. automation
B. concerns
C. enormously
D. fantastic
E. fascinated
F. feature
G. flexible
H. inevitably
I. interaction
J. leaning
K. matters
L. moving
M. promised
N. shape
O. spared

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs . Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter; Answer the questions by marking the correspmding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The History of the Lmch Box

A. It was made of shiny, bright pink plastic with a Little Mermaid sticker on the front, and I carried it with me nearly every single day. My lunch box was one of my first prized possessions, a proud statement to everyone in my kindergarten: “I love Mermaid-Ariel on my lunch box.”

B. That bulky container served me well through my first and second grades, until the live-action version of 101 Dalmatians hit theaters, and I needed the newest red plastic box with characters like Pongo and Perdita on the front. I know I’m not alone here-I bet you loved your first lunch box, too.

C. Lunch boxes have been connecting kids to cartoons and TV shows and super-heroes for decades. But it wasn’t always that way.Once upon a time, they weren’t even boxes. As schools have changed in the past century, the midday meal container has evolved right along with them.

D. Let’s start b,ack at the beginning of the 20th century-the beginning of the lunch box story, really While there were neighborhood schools in cities and suburbs, one-room schoolhouses were common in rural areas. As grandparents have been saying for generations, kids would travel miles to school in the countryside (often on foot) .

E. “You had kids in rural areas who couldn’t go home from school for lunch, so bringing your lunch wrapped in a cloth ’ in oiled paper, in a little wooden box or something like that was a .very long- standing rural tradition,” says Paula Johnson, head of food history section at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C.

F. City kids, on the other hand, went home for lunch and came back. Since they rarely carried a -meal, the few metal lunch buckets on the market were mainly for tradesmen and factory workers.

G. After World War II , a bunch of changes reshaped school←and lunches. More women joined the workforce: Small schools cnsolidated into larger ones, meaning more students were farther away from home: And the National School Lunch Act in 1946 made cafeterias much more common. Still, there wasn’t much of a market for lunch containers-yet. Students who carried their lunch often did so in a re-purposed bucket or tin of soe kind.

H. 'And then everything changed in the year of 1950. You might as well call it.the Year of the LunchBox, thanks in -large part to a genius move by a Nashville-based manufacturer, Aladdin Industries. The company already made square metal meal containers, the kind workers carried, and some had started to show up · in the hands of school kids.

I. But these containers were really durable, lasting years on end. That was great for the consumer, not so much for the manufacturer. So executives at Aladdin hit on an idea that would harness the newfound popularity of television. They covered lunch boxes with· striking red paint and added a picture of TV and radio cowboy Hopalong Cassidy on the front.

J. The company sold 600,000 units the first year. It was a major “Ah-ha!” moment, and a wave of other manufacturers jumped on board to capitalize on new TV shows and movies. “The Partridge Family,the Addams Family, the Six Million Dollar Man, the Bionic Woman-everything that was on television ended up on a lunch box,” says Allen Woodall. He’s the founder of the Lunch Box Museum in Columbus, Georgia. “It was a great marketing tool because kids were taking that TV show to school with them, and then when they got home they had them captured back on TV,” he says.

K. And yes, you read that right: There is a lunch box museum, right near the Chattahoochee River.: Woodall has more than 2,000 items on display. His favorite? The Green. Hornet lunch box, because he used to listen to the radio show back in the 1940s.

L. The new trend was also a great example of planned obsolescence, that is, to design a product so that it will soon become unfashionable or impossible to use and will need replacing. Kids would beg for a new lunchbox every year to keep up with the newest characters, even if their old lunch box was perfectly usable.

M. The metal lunch box craze lasted until the mid-1980s, when plastic took over. Two theories exist as to why. The first-and most likely-is that plastic had simply become cheaper. The second theory possibly an urban myth-is that concerned parents in several states proposed bans on metal lunch boxes, claiming kids were using them as “weapons” to hit one another. There’s a lot on the internet about a state-wide ban in Florida, but a few days worth of digging by a historian at the Florida State Historical Society found no such legislation. Either way, the metal lunch box was out.

N. The last few decades have brought a new lunch box revolution, of sorts. Plastic boxes changed to lined cloth sacks, and eventually, globalism brought tifin containers from India and bento boxes from Japan. Even the old metal lunch boxes have regained popularity. “I don’t think the heyday (鼎盛时期) has passed,” says D.J. Jayasekara, owner and founder of lunchbox. com, a retailer in Pasadena, California. “I think it has evolved. The days of the ready-made, ‘you stick it in a lunch box and carry it to school’ are kind of done.”

O. The introduction of backpacks changed the lunch box scene a bit, he adds. Once kids started carrying book bags, that bulky traditional lunGh box was hard to fit inside. “But you can’t just throw a sandwich in a backpack,” Jayasekara says. "It still has to go into a container. " That is, in part, why smaller and softer containers have taken off-they fit into backpacks.

P. And don’t worry-whether it’s a plastic bento box or a cloth bag, lunch containers can still easily be covered with popular culture. “We keep pace with the movie industries so we can predict which characters are going to be popular for the coming months,” Jayasekara says. "You know, kids are kids. "

36. Lunch containers were not necessary for school kids in cities.
37. Putting TV characters on lunch boxes proved an .effective marketing strategy.
38. Smaller lunch boxes are preferred because they fit easily. into backpacks.
39. Lunch boxes have evolved along with the transformation of schools.
40. Around the beginning of the nineteen fifties, some school kids started to use metal meal containers.
41. School kids are eager to get a new lunch box every year to stay in fashion.
42. Rural kids used to walk a long way to school in the old days.
43. The author was proud of using a lunch box in her childhood.
44. The most probable reason for the popularity of plastic lunch boxes is that they are less expensive.
45. The durability of metal meal containers benefited consumers.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section . Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements . For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  A growing number of U.S. bike riders are attracted to electric bikes for convenience, health benefits and their fun factor. Although ebikes first appeared in the 90s, cheaper options and longer-lasting batteries are breathing new, life into the concept.
  Established bike companies and startups are embracing ebikes to meet demand. About 34 million ebikes were sold worldwide last year, according to data from eCycleElectric Consultants. Most were sold in Europe and China, where the bikes already have exploded in popularity. Recently, the U. S. market has grown to 263, 000 bikes, a 25% gain from the prior year.
  The industry is benefiting from improved batteries as suppliers over the years developed technology for laptops, smartphones and electric cars. In 2004, the price of batteries used on ebikes fell, spurring European sales.
  But lower cost options ai’e emerging, too. This month, three U. S. bikeshare companies, Motivate, LimeBike and Spin, announced electric bicycles will be added to their fleets. New York-based Jump Bikes is already operating an electric bikeshare in Washington, D. C., and is launching in San Francisco Thursday. Rides cost $ 2 for 30 minutes.
  The system works like existing dockless bikeshare systems, where riders unlock bikes through a smartphone app. "This is the beginning of a long-term shift away from regular pedal (踏板) to electric bikes, " said Jump Bikes CEO Ryan Rzepecki. "When people first jump on an ebike, their face lights up. It’s exciting and joyful in a way that you don’t get from a regular bike. "
  Two years ago, CEO Chris Cocalis of Pivot Cycles, which sells high-end mountain bikes, found that U.S. bike shops weren’t interested in stocking ebikes. Some retailers warned Cocalis that they’d drop the brand if it came out with an electric bike.
  Now that sales are taking off, the vast majority of bike dealers are asking Cocalis when he’ll make an ebike available."There’s tremendous opportunity to get a generation of people fot whom suffering isn’t their thing, " Cocalis said. "Ebike riders get the enjoyable part of cycling without the massive suffering of climbing huge hills. "

2020-12-03-46.—细节辨认题—难—同义替换看不懂—breathing new life into the concept“为这个概念注入了新的生命”替换为“become popular”

46. What do we learn from the passage about ebikes?【原文：A growing number of U.S. bike riders are attracted to electric bikes for convenience, health benefits and their fun factor. Although ebikes first appeared in the 90s, cheaper options and longer-lasting batteries are breathing new life into the concept.】
    A. Their health benefits and fun values outweigh their cost.
    B. They did not catch public attention in the United States until the 1990s.
    C. They did not become popular until the emergence of improved batteries.
    D. Their widespread use is attributable to people’s environmental awareness.

46. 从文章中我们可以了解到什么？
A.它们的健康效益和乐趣价值超过了它们的成本。
B.直到20世纪90年代，它们才在美国引起公众的注意。
C.直到改进的电池出现，它们才开始流行。
D.它们的广泛使用归因于人们的环保意识。

46 .【定位】由题干中的ebikes 和题文同序原则定位到首段第二句。

C【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，尽管电动自行车早在90年代就出现了，但更低廉的价格和更耐用的电池给这个概念注入了新的活力。由此可见，直到改进电池的出现，电动自行车才开始流行，故答案为C。

【避错】首段第一句提到，越来越多的美国自行车骑手都被电动自行车所吸引，因为电动自行车方便、有益健康，而且有趣。但文中并没有指出其健康益处和娱乐价值超过了它们的成本，故排除 A 。

定位句提到，电动自行车早在90年代就出现了，但流行起来却是现在，而非90年代就流行起来了，故排除B。根据定位句可知，电动自行车流行起来是因为低廉的价格和电池的改进，而非人们的环保意识，故排除D。

2020-12-03-47.—推理判断题—定位易错，是第二个Europe出现的第三段—答案同义替换简单，the price of batteries used on ebikes fell替换为The falling prices of ebike batteries

47. What brought about the boost in ebike sales in Europe at the beginning of the century?【原文：Established bike companies and startups are embracing ebikes to meet demand. About 34 million ebikes were sold worldwide last year, according to data from eCycleElectric Consultants. Most were sold in Europe and China, where the bikes already have exploded in popularity. Recently, the U. S. market has grown to 263, 000 bikes, a 25% gain from the prior year. The industry is benefiting from improved batteries as suppliers over the years developed technology for laptops, smartphones and electric cars. In 2004, the price of batteries used on ebikes fell, spurring European sales.】
    A. Updated technology of bike manufacture.
    B. The falling prices of ebike batteries.
    C. Changed fashion in short-distance travel.
    D. The rising costs for making electric cars.

47. 本世纪初，是什么导致了欧洲电动自行车销量的激增？
A.自行车制造技术的更新。
B.电动自行车电池价格的下降。
C.改变了短途旅行的时尚。
D.制造电动汽车的成本上升。

47.【定位】由题干中的 Europe 和 the beginning of the century 定位到第三段。

B【 精析】推理判断题。定位段提到，供应商多年来开发了用于笔记本电脑、智能手机和电动汽车的技术，电动自行车行业正受益于电池的改进。2004年，电动自行车上使用的电池价格下跌，刺激了欧洲的销量。由此可知，电池价格下跌使电动自行车在欧洲的销量增加，故答案为B。

【避错】第三段第一句提到，笔记本电脑、智能手机和电动汽车的开发促进了电池的不断改进，而非最新的自行车制造技术推动了欧洲电动自行车的销量，A 的表述错误，故排除。本文并未提及短途旅行，故排除C。文中并未提及制造电动汽车的成本，故排除D。

2020-12-03-48.—推理判断题—由“When people first jump on an ebike, their face lights up. It’s exciting and joyful in a way that you don’t get from a regular bike”推出“It will make a difference in people’s daily lives”

48. What is the prospect of the bike industry according to Ryan Rzepecki?【原文：The system works like existing dockless bikeshare systems, where riders unlock bikes through a smartphone app. "This is the beginning of a long-term shift away from regular pedal (踏板) to electric bikes, " said Jump Bikes CEO Ryan Rzepecki. "When people first jump on an ebike, their face lights up. It’s exciting and joyful in a way that you don’t get from a regular bike. "】
    A. More will be invested in bike battery research.
    B. The sales of ebikes will increase.
    C. It will profit from ebike sharing.
    D. It will make a difference in people’s daily lives.

48. Ryan Rzepecki认为自行车行业的前景如何？
A.更多的投资将用于自行车电池的研究。
B.电动自行车的销量将会增加。
C.它将从共享单车中获利。
D.它将改变人们的日常生活。

48.【定位】由题干中的Ryan Rzepecki定位到第五段第二、三句。

D 【 精析】推理判断题。定位句指出Jump Bikes首 席执行官莱恩 · 雷兹皮茨基的观点：这是从普通踏板向电动自行车的长期转变的开始，当人们第一次骑上电动自行车时，他们的脸会兴奋得发光。这种兴奋和快乐是普通自行车所没有的。由此可见，莱恩 · 雷兹皮茨基认为电动自行车会改变人们的日常生活，故答案为D。

【避错】文中并未提及更多的资金将投入到自行车电池的研究中，故排除A。
本段第二句指出，这是从普通踏板向电动自行车的长期转变的开始，而非电动自行车销量会增加，B 为过度推理，故排除。
文中并未提及共享电动自行车的收益，故排除 C。

2020-12-03-49.—推理判断题—易—由“Some retailers warned Cocalis that they’d drop the brand if it came out with an electric bike一些零售商警告Cocalis，如果它推出电动自行车，他们就会放弃这个品牌”推出“Retailers’ refusal to deal in ebikes零售商拒绝销售电动自行车”

49. What prevented Chris Cocalis from developing ebikes sooner?【原文：Two years ago, CEO Chris Cocalis of Pivot Cycles, which sells high-end mountain bikes, found that U.S. bike shops weren’t interested in stocking ebikes. Some retailers warned Cocalis that they’d drop the brand if it came out with an electric bike.】
    A. Retailers’ refusal to deal in ebikes.
    B. High profits from conventional bikes.
    C. Users’ concern about risks of ebike riding.
    D. His focus on selling costly mountain bikes.

49. 是什么阻碍了Chris Cocalis更快地开发电动自行车？
A.零售商拒绝销售电动自行车。
B.传统自行车的高利润。
C.用户对骑行风险的担忧。
D.他专注于销售昂贵的山地车。

49.【定位】由题干中的Chris Cocalis 和 developing ebikes 定位到第六段。

A【 精析】推理判断题。定位段提到，两年前，销售高端山地车的 Pivot Cycles 首席执行官克里斯 · 科卡利斯发现，美国自行车商店对储备电动自行车不感兴趣。一些零售商警告科卡利斯，如果他们品牌推出电动自行车，他们就放弃该品牌。由此可见，零售商拒绝交易电动自行车，这阻止了克里斯 · 科卡利斯更早地开发电动自行车，故答案为A。

【避错】第六段并未提及传统自行车利润高，故排除B 。文章并未提及有关电动自行车的骑行安全问题，故排除C 。定位段只是指出克里斯 · 科卡利斯是做山地车的，而非他只专注做昂贵的山地车而影响了开发电动自行车，D 不符合文义，故排除。

2020-12-03-50.—推理判断题—难—需要从“enjoyable…with the massive”推出“comfortable”

50. What makes Chris Cocalis believe there is a greater opportunity for ebike sales?【原文："There’s tremendous opportunity to get a generation of people fot whom suffering isn’t their thing, " Cocalis said. "Ebike riders get the enjoyable part of cycling without the massive suffering of climbing huge hills. "】
    A. The further lowering of ebike prices.
    B. The public’s concern for their health.
    C. The increasing interest in mountain climbing.
    D. The younger generation’s pursuit of comfortable riding.

50. 是什么让克里斯•考卡利斯（Chris Cocalis）相信电动自行车销售有更大的机会？
A.电动自行车价格的进一步降低。
B.公众对健康的关注。
C.对登山日益增长的兴趣。
D.年轻一代对舒适骑行的追求。

50. 【定位】由题干中的 Chris Cocalis 和 a greater opportunity 定位到最后一段第二、三句。
    D 【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，对于这一代人来说，苦难不是他们的事情，这是一个巨大的机会。骑电动自行车的人可以享受骑自行车的乐趣，同时又不用忍受爬山的巨大痛苦。由此可知， 克里斯 · 科卡利斯认为电动自行车具有巨大前景是因为年轻一代追求安逸舒适的骑行，故答案为 D。

【避错】文中没有提及电动自行车价格进一步下调的问题，故排除A。定位句指出，现在的人不愿意受苦，喜欢追求舒适，而非他们关注健康，故排除 B。本段最后一句指出电动自行车骑手既可以享受骑自行车的乐趣，同时又不用忍受爬山的巨大痛苦，而非人们越来越喜欢爬山，故排除C。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  The terms “global warming” and “climate change” are used by many, seemingly interchangeably. But do they really mean the same thing?
  Scientists shaped the history of the terms while attempting to accurately describe how humans continue to alter the planet. Later, political strategists adopted the terms to influence public opinion.
  In 1975, geochemist Wallace Broecker introduced the term “climate change”· in an article published by Science . In 1979, a National Academy of Sciences report used the term “global warming” to define increases in the Earth’s average surface temperature, while “climate change” more broadly referred to the numerous effects of this increase, such as sea-level rise and ocean acidification (酸化).
  During the following decades, some industrialists and politicians launched a campaign to sow doubt in the minds of the American public about the ability of fossil-fuel use, deforestation and other human activities to influence the planet’s climate.
  Word use played a critical role in developing that doubt. For example, the language and polls expert Frank Luntz wrote a memo encouraging the use of “climate change” because the phrase sounded less scary than "global warming, " reported the Guardian .
  However, Luntz’s recommendation wasn’t necessary. A Google Ngram Viewer chart shows that by 1993 climate change was already more commonly used in books than global warming. By the end of the next decade both words were used more frequently, and climate change was used nearly twice as often as global warming.
  NASA used the term “climate change” because it more accurately reflects the wide range of changes to the planet caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
  The debate isn’t new. A century ago, chemist Svante Arrhenius started one of the first debates over the potential for humans to influence the planet’s climate. Arrhenius calculated the capability of carbon dioxide to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, but other chemists disagreed. Some argued that humans weren’t producing enough greenhouse gases, while others claimed the effects would be tiny. Now, of course, we know that whatever you call it, human behavior is warming the planet, with grave consequences ahead.

2020-12-03-51.—推理判断题—易—同义替换—“influence public opinion”替换为“public opinion of the impact”

51. Why did politicans use the two terms "global warming’’ and “climate change”?【原文：Scientists shaped the history of the terms while attempting to accurately describe how humans continue to alter the planet. Later, political strategists adopted the terms to influence public opinion.】
    A. To sway public opinion of the impact of human activities on Earth.
    B. To more accurately describe the consequences of human activities.
    C. To win more popular votes in their campaign activities.
    D. To assure the public of the safety of existing industries.

51. 为什么政客们使用“全球变暖”和“气候变化”这两个术语？
A.改变公众对人类活动对地球影响的看法。
B.为了更准确地描述人类活动的后果。
C.在他们的竞选活动中赢得更多的选票。
D.向公众保证现有工业的安全。

51.【定位】由题干中的 politicians、two terms 和“global warming”and“climate change"”定位到第一段、第二段末句以及第四段。

【精析】推理判断题。第一段引人两个术语，第二段最后一句指出，政治策略家们采用这些术语来影响公众意见。第四段进一步提到，一些工业家和政治家发起了一场运动，使美国公众的心里对化石燃料的使用、滥伐森林以及其他人类活动影响地球气候的能力产生怀疑。由此可见，政治家们采用全球变暖和气候变化这两个术语是为了动摇公众对于人类活动影响地球的看法，故答案为 A。

【避错】选项 B是将第七段中 accurately 和末段中consequences杂糅设置的干扰项，政治家使用这两个术语并不是为了更准确地描述人类活动的后果，故排除。选项 C 是根据第四段中launched a campaign 设置的干扰项，但文中并没有提到在竟选活动中赢得更多的选票，故排除。
选项 D 是根据第四段中industrialists设置的干扰项，本段主要表达工业家和政治家发起运动的目的，而不是向公众保证现存企业的安全性，故排除。

2020-12-03-52.—推理判断题—难—看不懂定位句的意思，无法推理

52. As used in a National Academy of Sciences report, the term “climate change” differs from "global warming’’ in that ________【原文：In 1979, a National Academy of Sciences report used the term “global warming” to define increases in the Earth’s average surface temperature, while “climate change” more broadly referred to the numerous effects of this increase, such as sea-level rise and ocean acidification (酸化).】
    A. it sounds less vague
    B. it looks more scientific
    C. it covers more phenomena
    D. it is much closer to reality

52. 在美国国家科学院的一份报告中，“气候变化”一词与“全球变暖”一词的区别在于________
A.听起来没那么模糊了
B.它看起来更科学
C.它涵盖了更多的现象
D.它更接近现实

52.【定位】由题干中的National Academy of Sciences定位到第三段第二句。

C【精析】推理判断题。定位句提到，美国国家科学院的报告使用了“全球变暖”这一术语来定义地球表面平均温度的升高，而“气候变化”更广泛地指代这一升高所导致的众多影响，比如海平面上升和海洋酸化。由此可知，这两个术语的不同之处在于“全球变暖”表述了现象，而“气候变化”则表述了该现象所带来的后果，因此“气候变化”涵盖更多的现象，故答案为 C 。

【避错】定位句提到，“全球变暖”这一术语指的是地球表面平均温度的升高，而“气候变化”则描述这一升高所带来的后果。由此可见，二者在模糊性上并没有差异，故排除 A 。
“全球变暖”与“气候变化”这两个术语均出现在美国国家科学院的报告中，文中并没有描述哪个更具有科学性，故排除 B 。
“全球变暖”和“气侯变化"都是对地球气候变化的真实描述，文中并没有指出哪个更接近现实，故排除 D 。

2020-12-03-53.—推理判断题—定位难，没有出现关键词“20th”—推理难，由“because the phrase sounded less scary than "global warming”推出“Deliberate choice of words”

53. What did industrialists of the late 20th century resort to in order to mislead Americans?【原文：During the following decades, some industrialists and politicians launched a campaign to sow doubt in the minds of the American public about the ability of fossil-fuel use,deforestation and other human activities to influence the planet’s climate.
      Word use played a critical role in developing that doubt. For example, the language and polls expert Frank Luntz wrote a memo encouraging the use of “climate change” because the phrase sounded less scary than "global warming. " reported the Guardian .】
    A. Made-up survey results.
    B. Hired climate experts.
    C. False research findings.
    D. Deliberate choice of words.

53. 20世纪末的实业家们为了误导美国人采取了什么手段？
A.捏造的调查结果。
B.聘请气候专家。
C.错误的研究结果。
D.用词慎重。

53.【定位】由提干中的industrialists of the late 20th century和 mislead Americans定位到第四、五段。

D

【精析】推理判断题。文章第四段指出，一些工业家和政治家发起了一场运动，使美国公众的心里对化石燃料的使用、滥伐森林以及其他人类活动影响地球气候的能力产生怀疑。第五段第一句点明，措辞的使用在推动那一质疑的过程中起到了关键的作用。第二句举例说明，“气候变化”这一说法听起来没有“全球变暖”那么可怕。由此可见，工业家们对文字的蓄意选择可以起到误导民众的作用，故答案为 D 。

【避错】文中未提及 A “编造的调研结果”、B “雇用的气候专家”和 C “错误的研究发现”，故排除。

2020-12-03-54.—细节辨认题—同义替换—“more accurately reflect”替换为“greater precision”—或者比较级选比较级，more跟greater

54. Why did NASA choose the term “climate change”?【原文：NASA used the term “climate change” because it more accurately reflects the wide range of changes to the planet caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.】
    A. To obtain more funds.
    B. For greater precision.
    C. For political needs.
    D. To avoid debate.

54. 为什么NASA选择了“气候变化”这个词？
A.获得更多的资金。
B.为了更精确。
C.出于政治需要。
D.避免争论。

54.【定位】由题干中的 NASA定位到第七段。
B

【精析】细节辨认题。定位段提到，美国国家航空航天局使用“气候变化”这一术语，因为它更准确地反映了大气中不断增加的温室气体给地球带来的广泛变化。由此可见，美国国家航空航天局之所以选择“气候变化”这一术语，是因为在涉及温室效应所引起的不良后果时，这一术语的表述更为准确，故答案为 B 。

【避错】文中并没有涉及资金的话题，故排除A 。第二段最后一句指出，政治策略家们采用这些术语来影响公众意见，而美国国家航空航天局不带有政治属性，因此它对术语的选择与政治无关，故排除 C 。选项 D 是根据最后一段第一句中 The debate 设置的干扰项，争论是存在于科学家之间的，与美国国家航空航天局无关，故排除。

2020-12-03-55.—推理判断题—没有关键字可以定位，但是按照“题文同序原则定位到最后一段最后一句”—由“human behavior is warming the planet”推出“Human activities have serious effects on Earth”

55. What is the author’s final conclusion?【原文：Now, of course, we know that whatever you call it, human behavior is warming the planet, with grave consequences ahead.】
    A. Global warming is the more accurate term.
    B. Accuracy of terminology matters in science.
    C. Human activities have serious effects on Earth.
    D. Politics interferes with serious scientific debate.

55. 作者最后的结论是什么？
A.全球变暖是一个更准确的术语。
B.在科学中，术语的准确性很重要。
C.人类活动对地球有严重的影响。
D.政治干扰严肃的科学辩论。

55.【定位】由题干中的 the author’s final conclusion和题文同序原则定位到最后一段最后一句。

【精析】推理判断题。最后一段开始，作者括性地介绍了对于术语的争论有史以来就存在。定位句指出，我们知道，不管你怎么称呼它，人类的行为正在使地球变暖，而且面临着严重的后果。由此可见，作者认为无论采用哪个术语，人类的活动都正在给地球带来不好的后果，故答案为 C 。

【避错】第七段第一句提到，“气候变化”这一术语可以更准确地反映温室气体对地球变化的影响，故排除A 。虽然文中涉及科学界对于这两个术语的争辩，但并未提及科学中术语正确的重要性，故排除 B 。文中并没有表达政治干扰严肃的科学辩论这一观点，故排除 D。

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on.Answer Sheet 2.
  鱼是春节前夕餐桌上不可或缺的一道菜，因为汉语中“鱼”字的发音与“余”字的发音相同。正由于这个象征性的意义，春节期间鱼也作为礼物送给亲戚朋友。鱼的象征意义据说源于中国传统文化。中国人有节省的传统，他们认为节省得愈多，就感到食为安全。今天，尽管人们愈来愈富裕了，但他们仍然认为节省是一种值得弘扬的美德。