2022 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 3 套）——解析版

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2022 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 3 套）

Part I Writing ( 30 minutes)

Directions: In this task, you are to write an essay on the necessity of developing social skills for college students. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension ( 25 minutes)

提示：2022 年 12 月本套听力内容与第一二套相同，故而未重复显示。

Part III Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list ofchoices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
  Phones influence all aspects of teenage life. Ninety-five percent of Americans ages 13 to 17 have a smartphone or have access to one, and nearly half report using the internet “almost 26 .”
  But as recent survey data and interviews have suggested, many teens find much of that time to be unsatisfyingly spent. Continuous 27 shouldn’t be mistaken for endless enjoyment. A new 28 representative survey about “screen time and device distractions” from the Pew Research Center indicates that it’s not just parents who think teenagers are worryingly 29 from their phones — many teens themselves do too. Fifty-four percent of the 13-to-17-year-olds surveyed said they spend too much time 30 in their phones.
  Vicky Rideout, who runs a research firm that studies children’s interactions with media and technology, was not surprised by this finding. She says it’s hardly 31 to teenagers. “They are dealing with the same challenges that adults are, as far as they are living in the 32 of a tech environment designed to suck as much of their time onto their devices as possible,” Rideout says.
  The way parents interact with technology can 33 the way they interact with their kids. Rideout thus thinks it’s up to parents to model good 34 : Kids tend to take note if their parents put their phone away at dinner or charge it in another room while they sleep. Witnessing habits like that can help kids “realize that they can 35 some more control over their devices,” she says.

A. absorbed
B. addicted
C. behavior
D. constantly
E. context
F. exercise
G. inseparable
H. nationally
I. recruited
J. shape
K. solution
L. specific
M. summary
N. usage
O. vaguely

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read apassage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Evil Genius

A. A few years ago I found myself teaching a university class on evil. It was for third-year criminology students to help them contextualize theory and research within controversial current topics. It was a huge success. The debates were heated and interesting. I could see people’s views change within the course of a single lecture. Over the past 13 years, as a student, lecturer and researcher, I’ve enjoyed discussing the science of evil with anyone willing to listen. What I like most is destroying the cliché (陈词滥调) of good and evil, and replacing them with scientific insight. We need a more informed way of discussing behavior that at first we cannot, or should not, begin to understand.

B. Without understanding, we risk dehumanizing others, writing off human beings simply because we don’t comprehend them. We must try to understand what we have labeled evil. We tend to think evil is something that other people are. We think of ourselves as “good people”, and even when we do morally wrong things, we understand the context of our decisions. With others, however, it is far easier to write them off. If their actions deviate ( 偏 离) substantially from what we consider acceptable, we may label them evil. We need to be careful with this. Calling someone evil is often similar to saying they cannot change, and perhaps aren’t even a human at all. However, when you actually go monster-hunting, and you look deeply at the people behind shocking behavior, you may be surprised.

C. As a child I used to love the Scooby-Doo cartoons. Arriving in their “Mystery Machine”, the gang would have to find a monster who was terrorizing a neighborhood. They would run around looking for clues and at the end unmask the bad guy. It was always a normal person in a costume. There were no monsters. Like the Scooby crew, we may find ourselves hunting for an easy fix, one word for people who do bad things. But if we take a good look, the word ‘evil’ is insufficient — there are no simple explanations for why humans do bad things: instead there are many, and they are all marvelously different.

D. Evil is typically referred to when there is deviance from social norms: formal deviance is the violation of laws, like theft, murder, and attacks, while informal deviance involves violations of social norms, like lying. Evil behavior is typically thought to embrace one or both forms. However, deviance can also describe a behavior that simply differs from the norm.

E. Perhaps this is where we can find the good side of our bad side. Deviating from the norm can make us villains (恶棍), but it can also make us heroes. A child deviates from social pressures when they stand up for another child being bullied in school. A soldier deviates when they choose not to follow orders to kill an innocent civilian. An employee in a big tech company deviates when they expose its wrongdoings.

F. Creativity is also a deviation. Here, too, things are complex. Thinking creatively has given us modern medicine, technology and modern political structures, but it has also given us poison and nuclear weapons. Great benefit and great harm can come from the same human tendency.

G. In a research paper, Evil Genius, published in 2014, the behavioral scientists Francesca Gino and Scott Wiltermuth wanted to examine whether people who behave unethically in one task are more creative than others on a subsequent task, even after controlling for differences in baseline creative skills. The unethical behavior they chose was dishonesty.

H. Over five experiments researchers gave participants tasks in which they could cheat. In one study, they were given matrixes (矩阵) and had to find two numbers that added up to 10. Participants were asked to self-report how well they did at the end of the study: 59% cheated by saying that they solved more matrixes than they actually had.

I. After each task, the researchers measured participants’ performance on the Remote Associates Test. This shows participants three words at a time that appear to be unrelated, and the person has to think of a fourth word that is associated with all of them. For example, you might get “Fox, Man, Peep”, or “Dust, Cereal, Fish”. In order to find the linking words (“Hole” for the first, “Bowl” for the seconD. you need to be creative. The more you get right, the more creative you are thought to be because you have come up with uncommon associations.

J. For every one of the five studies, they found the same thing — participants who cheated in the first task did better on the creativity task. Why? Like other forms of unethical behavior, lying means breaking rules. It involves being deviant, going against the social principle that people should tell the truth. Similarly, being creative involves "thinking outside the box ", deviating from expectations. They involve similar thought patterns, so stimulating one stimulates the other. Can we learn from this? Perhaps. To be more creative, we could try lying in a controlled environment. Find online logic games and cheat at them, play Scrabble (拼字游戏) with a dictionary, or write a story about something that is untrue? Such tasks can get our brains thinking flexibly, beyond our normal comfort zone. This is not a call to become a compulsive (强迫性的) liar, but a controlled liar.

K. In addition to benefits for creativity, deviance can be a good thing in other ways. Even Philip Zimbardo, the author of the Stanford prison experiment, who showed how easily we can be led to behave badly, believes that the future of deviance research may lie more in understanding extreme pro-social behavior, such as heroism. Like evil, we often view heroism as only a possibility for outliers — for people who are abnormal. But Zimbardo asks: “What if the capability to act heroically is also fundamentally ordinary and available to all of us?” Some say we should never meet our heroes, lest they disappoint us when we find out how normal they are. But this should be liberating, not disappointing. We are all capable of behaving like outliers. It’s time for us to understand deviance, and realize its potential for good as well as for harm.

36. A behavior that does not conform to social norms maybe described as being deviant.
37. Various experiments found that participants who cheated in the initial task performed better in the creativity test.
38. People maybe simply considered evil if their behaviors are morally unacceptable to us.
39. The research published by two scientists was intended to examine the relationship between dishonesty and creativity.
40. The author’s lectures sparked lively discussions in his class.
41. The researchers tested the participants’ creativity by asking them to play a word game.
42. It is time we realized that deviance may be capable of doing both good and harm to individuals and society.
43. The reasons for people’s evil behaviors can be explained in more ways than one.
44. The math task in one experiment was designed to test participants’ tendency to cheat.
45. Some creative ideas have turned out to do harm to human society.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  ①Even though we are living in an age where growing old is thought of as an inevitable misery, this doctor has been changing the game for seniors over the last 25 years.
  ②It all started in 1991 when the Harvard-educated physician was transferred from working in a stressful emergency room to being the medical director of a nursing home in upstate New York. The depressing and regimented (严格管制的) environment got him thinking on what exactly could improve the residents’ conditions.
  ③Even though animals in nursing homes were illegal at the time, Dr. Bill Thomas took a chance. Based on a hunch (直觉), he brought in two dogs, four cats, hens, rabbits, 100 birds, a multitude of plants, a flower garden, and a vegetable patch.
  ④The change was dramatic. There was a 50% drop in medical prescriptions along with a dramatic decrease in death rates — but most importantly, the residents were simply happier.
  ⑤Dr. Thomas’s approach, named the Eden Alternative, has driven nursing homes to allow a more autonomous (自主的) and creative living space for their elderly. It erases the belief that growing old means growing useless. He encourages residents to think of their age as an enriching new phase of life rather than the end of it.
  ⑥Thomas, now a speaker and author of several books, also created small, independently-run residences with their own bedrooms and bathrooms, and he has been preaching a singular message that getting old is not a bad thing.
  ⑦"Within six weeks, they had to send a truck around to pick up all the wheelchairs," Thomas told the Washington Post. “You know why most people in nursing homes use wheelchairs? Because the buildings are so big.”
  ⑧The 56-year-old doctor’s methods have been adopted in Australia, Japan, Canada, and America with enormous success. Last year he published Second Wind: Navigating the Passage to a Slower, Deeper, and More Connected Life, a guide on how to shift our perspectives on aging and growth.
  ⑨He is currently traveling through North America performing with his guitar and his enthusiasm on his Age of Disruption Tour.

  (46-1)尽管在我们生活的时代，变老被认为是一种不可避免的痛苦，但在过去的25年里，这位医生一直在改变这场老年人的游戏。
  这一切都始于1991年，当时这位受过哈佛大学教育的医生从压力很大的急诊室工作调到了纽约州北部一家养老院任医疗主管。(47-1)这种压抑而严格管制的环境让他开始思考究竟怎样才能改善养老院里 老年人的生活条件。
  (48) 尽管当时在养老院饲养动物是违法的，比尔 ·托马斯医生还是冒险一试。基于直觉，他带来了2 只狗、4只猫、母鸡、兔子、100只鸟、大量植物、一个花园和一块菜地。
  变化是巨大的。(47-2)医疗处方减少了50%，同时死亡率也大幅下降——但最重要的是，老人们更快乐了。
  托马斯博士的方法被命名为“伊甸园替代方案”，它促使养老院为老年人提供更自主、更有创意的生活空间。它消除了变老意味着变得无用的观念。(46-2)他鼓励老年人把他们的年龄看作是生命中的一个丰富多彩的新阶段，而不是生命的结束。
  (49) 托马斯现在还是一名演说家和几本书的作者，他还建造了一些独立经营的小型住所，这些住所都有自己的卧室和浴室，他一直在宣扬一个特别的信息：变老并不是一件坏事。
  “在6周内，他们不得不派一辆卡车把所有的轮椅都运走。”托马斯在接受《华盛顿邮报》采访时表示， “你知道为什么养老院里的大多数人都用轮椅吗?因为这些建筑太大了。”
  (50) 这位56岁的医生的方法已经被澳大利亚、日本、加拿大和美国采用，并取得了巨大的成功。 去年，他出版了《第二股风：通往更慢、更深入、更紧密的生活之路》，(46-3)指导我们如何改变对衰老和成长的看法。
  他目前正在北美，带着他的吉他和热情在他的“颠覆年龄”巡演中表演。

2022-12-03-46.—推理判断题—难—由“change the game for senior改变年长游戏”替换为“Shifting people’s perspective on aging”

46. What has Bill Thomas been doing for a quarter of a century?【原文：Even though we are living in an age where growing old is thought of as an inevitable misery, this doctor has been changing the game for seniors over the last 25 years.】
    A. Transforming people’s lifestyle.
    B. Honoring his Harvard education.
    C. Changing people’s philosophy of life.
    D. Shifting people’s perspective on aging.

46. 比尔·托马斯在过去的四分之一个世纪里一直在做什么？
A.改变人们的生活方式。
B.尊重他在哈佛的教育。
C.改变人们的生活哲学。
D.改变人们对衰老的看法。

46.【定位】由题干中的Bill Thomas和 a quarter of a century定位到第一段、第五段和第八段。

D【精析】推理判断题。本文第一段概括托马斯医生的主要成就：在过去的25年里，这位医生一直在改变这场老年人的游戏。第五段末句指出，他鼓励老年人把他们的年龄看作是生命中的一个丰富多彩的新阶段，而不是生命的结束。第八段末句指出，他的书指导我们如何改变对衰老和成长的看法。由此可见，比尔·托马斯在努力改变人们对衰老的看法，故答案为D。
【避错】第二段第一句提到，比尔·托马斯接受过哈佛大学的教育，但并未提及他一直在纪念自己的大学教育，故排除 B。文中并未涉及改变人们的生活方式和生活哲学，故排除A 和 C。

2022-12-03-47.—推理判断题—难—由“improve the residents’ conditions改善院里老年人的生活条件”推出“make it more pleasant for seniors让老年人更愉快”

47. Why did Bill Thomas try something different in the nursing home?【原文：It all started in 1991 when the Harvard-educated physician was transferred from working in a stressful emergency room to being the medical director of a nursing home in upstate New York.The depressing and regimented (严格管制的) environment got him thinking on what exactly could improve the residents’ conditions.】
    A. He wanted to make it more pleasant for seniors.
    B. He wanted to apply his Harvard training to practice.
    C. He felt it his duty to revolutionize its management.
    D. He felt disappointed working in the environment.

47. 为什么比尔·托马斯在养老院尝试一些不同的东西？
A.他想让老年人更愉快。
B.他想把他在哈佛的训练应用到实践中。
C.他觉得自己有责任改革其管理。
D.他对在这种环境下工作感到失望。

47.【定位】由题干中的 Why 、different 和 the nursing home 定位到第二至四段。

A【 精析】推理判断题。文章第二段末句提到，养老院压抑而严格管制的环境让他开始思考究竟怎样才能改善院里老年人的生活条件。由第四段可知，在比尔 ·托马斯采取了一系列措施后，养老院的老人们更快乐了，故答案为A。
【避错】文中并未提及比尔 · 托马斯把他在哈佛的训练应用到实践中，故排除B。文中第二段提到托马斯成为养老院的医疗主管，但并没有提及他要改革养老院的管理体制，故排除 C。第二段第二句提到，养老院的环境压抑且严格管制，并没有说比尔 · 托马斯对这样的工作环境感到失望，故排除D。

2022-12-03-48.—细节辨认题—同义替换—“illegal违法的”替换为“acted in violation of the state law行为违反了州法律”

48. What do we learn about Bill Thomas bringing animals and plants into the nursing home?【原文：  ③Even though animals in nursing homes were illegal at the time, Dr. Bill Thomas took a chance. Based on a hunch (直觉), he brought in two dogs, four cats, hens, rabbits, 100 birds, a multitude of plants, a flower garden, and a vegetable patch.
      ④The change was dramatic. There was a 50% drop in medical prescriptions along with a dramatic decrease in death rates — but most importantly, the residents were simply happier.】
    A. He made a mess of the nursing home.
    B. He did something all professionals would do.
    C. He won instant support from the state authorities.
    D. He acted in violation of the state law.

48.关于比尔·托马斯把动物和植物带进养老院，我们了解到什么？
A.他把养老院搞得一团糟。
B.他做了所有专业人士都会做的事。
C.他立即得到了国家当局的支持。
D.他的行为违反了州法律。

48.【定位】由题干中的 bringing animals and plants into the nursing home定位到第三段第一句。
D【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，尽管当时在养老院饲养动物是违法的，比尔 · 托马斯医生还是冒险一试。由此可见，他将动物带进养老院是违法的，故答案为D。

【避错】文章第四段第二句提到，医疗处方减少了 50%，死亡率也大幅下降，老人们更快乐了。由此可知，养老院的状况变好了，故排除A。文中没有提到其他专业人士的做法，故排除B。 文中倒数第二段提到，托马斯医生的方法已经被一些国家采用，但这并不代表他得到了政府当局的支持，文中也并未提及政府当局的态度，故排除C。

2022-12-03-49.—细节辨认题—难—定位难，需要同义替换“persistently advocating一直倡导”替换为“preaching a singular message宣扬一个特别消息”—答案同义替换容易，“getting old is not a bad thing”替换为“Getting old is by no means something miserable”

49. What has Bill Thomas been persistently advocating?【原文：⑥Thomas, now a speaker and author of several books, also created small, independently-run residences with their own bedrooms and bathrooms, and he has been preaching a singular message that getting old is not a bad thing.】
    A. Good health is not just a privilege of the young.
    B. Nursing homes should be strictly limited in size.
    C. Getting old is by no means something miserable.
    D. Residences for seniors should be run independently.

49.比尔·托马斯一直在倡导什么？
A.健康不仅仅是年轻人的特权。
B.养老院的规模应该严格限制。
C.变老绝不是件悲惨的事。
D.老年人住宅应独立经营。

49.【定位】由题干中的persistently advocating 定位到第六段。
C 【精析】细节辨认题。定位段提到，托马斯一直在宣扬一个特别的信息：变老并不是一件坏事，故答案为C。

【避错】文中没有提及身体健康是否是年轻人的特权，故排除A。
第七段末句提到，托马斯觉得养老院建筑太大了，但未提及要严格限制养老院的规模，故排除 B 。
第六段提到，托马斯建造了一些独立经营的小型住所，但并不代表他倡导老年人公寓应该独立运营，故排除 D。

2022-12-03-50.—推理判断题—难—定位难同义替换“new concept received”替换为“The 56-year-old doctor’s methods have been adopted”—答案由“in Australia, Japan, Canada, and America with enormous success”推出“gaining ground in many countries”

50. How is Bill Thomas’s new concept received?【原文：The 56-year-old doctor’s methods have been adopted in Australia, Japan, Canada, and America with enormous success.】
    A. It is gaining ground in many countries.
    B. It is being heatedly debated worldwide.
    C. It is considered revolutionary everywhere.
    D. It is winning approval from the government.

50.比尔·托马斯的新概念如何被接受？
A.它在许多国家正在普及。
B.全世界都在热烈讨论这个问题。
C.在任何地方都被认为是革命性的。
D.它正在获得政府的批准。

50.【定位】由题干中的new concept received定位到倒数第二段第一句。

A【 精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，托马斯的方法已经被澳大利亚、日本、加拿大和美国采用，并取得了巨大的成功。由此可见，很多国家都接受了托马斯的新观念，故答案为 A。
【避错】文中并未提及托马斯的新观念被全世界热烈讨论或被认为是革命性的，可以排除B 和 C。倒数第二段第一句指出，托马斯的方法已经被澳大利亚、日本、加拿大和美国采用，并取得了巨大的成功，但没有提到是否赢得政府的认可，故排除D。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  Research shows that in developed countries, more affluent and educated people tend to consume higher-quality diets — including more fruits and vegetables, fish and whole grains. On the contrary, economically disadvantaged people report diets that are nutrient-poor and energy-dense. They are less likely to have food-purchasing habits that conform to public health recommendations.
  These dietary differences are often accompanied by higher rates of obesity and diabetes among lower- income people. This relationship between social class and diet quality and health is extensively documented. However, the research does not explain why this is the case — a question that has significant implications for designing effective policies and initiatives to improve diets and prevent chronic diseases.
  Public-health initiatives to promote healthy diets often focus on providing nutrition education and recipes (食谱). These approaches, however, often presume less food literacy (i.e. food knowledge and skills) among low-income people. Are unhealthy diets really the result ofpoor choices, limited food skills and knowledge?
  Research suggests that adults in food-insecure households are just as likely as those in food-secure households to adjust recipes to make them more healthy. They are also just as proficient in food preparation and cooking skills. There is no indication that increasing food skills or budgeting skills will reduce food insecurity.
  Instead, disadvantaged groups are constrained by their economic, material and social circumstances. For example, low income is the strongest predictor of food insecurity in Canada, where one in eight households experiences insufficient access to nutritious foods.
  It’s well-established that food prices are an important determinant of food choice. Low-income households report that they find it difficult to adopt dietary guidelines because food prices are a barrier to improving their diets.
  When researchers estimate the cost of diets people actually eat, higher-quality diets are typically more costly.
  While this maybe so, it does not, in itself, prove that healthy diets are necessarily more expensive or cost-prohibitive. After all, not all socioeconomically disadvantaged people consume poor diets.
  We can easily think of a number of foods and recipes that are both inexpensive and nutritious. The internet is full of recipes for “eating well on a budget.”

  (51) 研究表明，在发达国家，更富裕和受教育程度更高的人倾向于消费更高质量的饮食，包括更多的水果和蔬菜、鱼和全谷物。相反，经济困难的人报告饮食低营养、高能量。他们不太可能有符合公共卫生 建议的食品购买习惯。
  在低收入人群中，这些饮食差异往往伴随着更高的肥胖和糖尿病发病率。(52)有充分的文献证明社 会阶层与饮食质量和健康之间的关系。然而，这项研究并没有解释为什么会出现这种情况——这个问题对于设计有效的、用来改善饮食和预防慢性疾病的政策和计划具有重要意义。
  促进健康饮食的公共卫生举措往往侧重于提供营养教育和食谱。然而，这些方法往往假设低收入人群的食品能力(即食品知识和技能)较少。不健康的饮食真的是错误选择、有限的饮食技能和知识造成的结果吗?
  (53) 研究表明，生活在食物不足的家庭中的成年人和生活在食物充足的家庭的成年人一样，有可能调整食谱，使自己更健康。他们也同样精通食物准备和烹饪技巧。 没有迹象表明提高食物技能或预算技能可以减少食物不足的情况。
  相反，经济困难的群体受到其经济、物质和社会环境的制约。(54)例如，在加拿大，低收入最有可能预示着食物不足的情况，八分之一的家庭无法获得有营养的食物。
  众所周知，食品价格是食品选择的重要决定因素。低收入家庭报告说，他们发现很难采用膳食指南， 因为食品价格是他们改善饮食的一个障碍。
  当研究人员估计人们实际饮食的成本时，高质量的饮食通常更昂贵。
  (55-1)虽然有可能是这样，但它本身并不能证明健康饮食一定更贵或成本高昂。毕竟，并非所有社会经济弱势群体都有不良的饮食习惯。
  (55-2)我们可以很容易地想到许多既便宜又有营养的食物和食谱。互联网上到处都是“省钱吃得好” 的食谱。

2022-12-03-51.—推理判断题—难—选项D长得太像是干扰项，首先排除；

51. What can we learn from research on diets in developed countries?【原文：Research shows that in developed countries , more affluent and educated people tend to consume higher-quality diets — including more fruits and vegetables, fish and whole grains.On the contrary, economically disadvantaged people report diets that are nutrient-poor and energy-dense.】
    A. Dietary recommendations are not fit for underprivileged people.
    B. People from different social groups vary in their dietary habits.
    C. People’s choice of food depends on their individual taste.
    D. There is no consensus on what high-quality diets are.

51. 我们能从发达国家的饮食研究中学到什么？
A.饮食建议不适合贫困人群。
B.来自不同社会群体的人的饮食习惯各不相同。
人们对食物的选择取决于他们个人的口味。
D.关于什么是高质量饮食还没有达成共识。

51.【定位】由题干中的research on diets in developed countries定位到首段第一、二句。

B【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，研究表明，在发达国家，更富裕和受教育程度更高的人倾向于消费更高质量的饮食，包括更多的水果和蔬菜、鱼和全谷物；相反，经济困难的人饮食低营养、高能量。由此可见，在发达国家，不同社会群体的人饮食习惯不相同，故答案为B。

【避错】首段第三句提到，经济困难的人不太可能有符合公共卫生建议的食品购买习惯，但并不能由此推出膳食建议不适合贫困人群，故排除A；第六段第一句提到，食品价格是食品选择的重要决定因素。即人们对食物的选择与食物的价格息息相关，并不取决于他们的口味，故排除C；

文中没有提到关于高质量饮食的定义，故排除 D。

2022-12-03-52.—细节辨认题—易—B选项长得像，但是否定的干扰项；—A选项同义替换，“extensively documented广泛记录：指某个主题、事件或现象已经被大量记录、研究和报道。”替换为“better understanding更好的理解：对某个概念、事物或情况有更深入、更全面的认识和理解。”

52. What does the author say is important in formulating policies to improve diets and health?【原文：This relationship between social class and diet quality and health is extensively documented. However, the research does not explain why this is the case — a question that has significant implications for designing effective policies and initiatives to improve diets and prevent chronic diseases.】
    A. A better understanding of the relationship between social class and health.
    B. A greater emphasis on studying the cause of obesity and chronic diseases.
    C. Prioritizing the provision of better nutrition for lower classes.
    D. Designing education programs and initiatives on public health.

52. 在制定改善饮食和健康的政策时，作者认为什么是重要的？
A.更好地理解社会阶层和健康之间的关系。
B.更加重视研究肥胖和慢性疾病的原因。
C.优先为下层阶级提供更好的营养。
D.设计公共卫生教育方案和倡议。

52.【定位】由题干中的 important 和 formulating policies to improve diets and health 定位到第二段第二、三句。

A【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，有充分的文献证 明社会阶层与饮食质量和健康之间的关系；然而， 这项研究并没有解释为什么会出现这种情况—— 这个问题对于设计有效的、用来改善饮食和预防慢性疾病的政策和计划具有重要意义。由此可知，在制定改善饮食和健康的政策时，更好地理解社会阶层与健康之间的关系很重要，故答案为A。

【避错】第二段第一句提到，在低收入人群中，这些饮食差异往往伴随着更高的肥胖和糖尿病发病率，但并不能由此推出在制定改善饮食和健康的政策时要更加重视研究肥胖和慢性病的原因，故排除 B 。首段第三句提到，经济困难的人不太可能有符合公共卫生建议的食品购买习惯，但并未提及优先为下层阶级提供更好的营养，故排除C。第三段第一句提到，促进健康饮食的公共卫生举措往往侧重于提供营养教育和食谱，但D 提及的“设计公共健康教育项目和计划”指的就是题干中的“制定改善饮食和健康的政策”，故排除D。

2022-12-03-53.—细节辨认题—难—关键词单词不懂proficient adj. 熟练的，精通的，同义替换“proficient in food preparation and cooking skills”替换为“do not lack food knowledge or budgeting skills”

53. What does research reveal about adults in food-insecure households?【原文：Research suggests that adults in food-insecure households are just as likely as those in food-secure households to adjust recipes to make them more healthy. They are also just as proficient in food preparation and cooking skills.】
    A. Their eating habits need to be changed.
    B. Their food literacy has been improving.
    C. They do not pay much attention to their food recipes.
    D. They do not lack food knowledge or budgeting skills.

53. 关于粮食不安全家庭中的成年人，研究揭示了什么？
A.他们的饮食习惯需要改变。
B.他们的饮食素养一直在提高。
C.他们不太注意他们的食物食谱。
D.他们不缺乏食物知识或预算技巧。

53.【定位】 由题干中的 research 和 adults in food- insecure households定位到第四段第一、二句。
D【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，研究表明，生活在食物不足的家庭中的成年人和生活在食物充足的家庭的成年人一样，有可能调整食谱，使自己更健康。他们也同样精通食物准备和烹饪技巧。由 此可知，生活在食物不足家庭的成年人也具备食物知识或预算技巧，故答案为 D。

【避错】A和 B在文中均未提及，故排除。第四段第一句指出，研究表明，生活在食物不足家庭的成年人也有可能调整食谱，使自己更健康，因此 C说法错误，可以排除。

2022-12-03-54.—推理判断题—难—看懂了“insufficient access权限不足”反而会排除了正确选项C

54. What would help improve food security among the disadvantaged groups in Canada?【原文：For example, low income is the strongest predictor of food insecurity in Canada, where one in eight households experiences insufficient access to nutritious foods.】
    A. Teaching them budgeting skills.
    B. Increasing their food choices.
    C. Enabling them to have more access to nutritious foods.
    D. Taking more effective measures to increase food supplies.

54. 什么将有助于改善加拿大弱势群体的粮食安全？
A.教他们预算技巧。
B.增加他们的食物选择。
C.使他们有更多机会获得有营养的食物。
D.采取更有效的措施增加粮食供应。

54.【定位】由题干中的 improve food security among the disadvantaged groups in Canada 定位到第五段最后一句。

C 【 精析】推理判断题。定位句提到，在加拿大，低收入最有可能预示着食物不足的情况，八分之一的家庭无法获得有营养的食物。由此可见，促使加拿大弱势群体食物充足的有效措施是使他们有更多机会获得有营养的食品，故答案为C。

【避错】第四段最后一句提到，没有迹象表明提高 食物技能或预算技能可以减少食物不足的情况，故排除A。第六段第二句提到，食品价格是食品选择的重要决定因素，但并未提及增加食物选择，故排除B 。

文中并未提及采取有效措施增加食物供应，故排除D。

2022-12-03-55.—推理判断题—由“eating well on a budget”推出“Choose diets that are both healthy and affordable”

55. What does the author suggest disadvantaged people do to improve their health?【原文：While this maybe so, it does not, in itself, prove that healthy diets are necessarily more expensive or cost-prohibitive. After all, not all socioeconomically disadvantaged people consume poor diets.
      We can easily think of a number of foods and recipes that are both inexpensive and nutritious. The internet is full of recipes for “eating well on a budget.”】
    A. Adopt a positive attitude towards dietary guidelines.
    B. Choose diets that are both healthy and affordable.
    C. Make sure to purchase healthy foods on the internet.
    D. Change their eating habits and consumption patterns.

55. 作者建议弱势群体做些什么来改善他们的健康？
A.对膳食指南采取积极的态度。
B.选择既健康又负担得起的饮食。
C.确保在网上购买健康食品。
D.改变他们的饮食习惯和消费模式。

55.【定位】由题干中的 disadvantaged 和 improve their health定位到最后两段。

B【 精析】推理判断题。定位段指出，研究并不能证明健康饮食一定更贵或成本高昂；我们可以很容易地想到许多既便宜又有营养的食物和食谱；互联网上到处都是“省钱吃得好”的食谱。由此可推断，弱势群体可以选择便宜且有营养的食物和食谱，故答案为 B。

【避错】第六段第二句指出，低收入家庭发现很难采用膳食指南，因为食品价格是他们改善饮食的一 个障碍，但作者并没有建议弱势群体对膳食指南持积极的态度，故排除A 。

最后一段指出，互联网上到处都是“省钱吃得好”的食谱，但作者并没有建议弱势群体在网上购买健康食品，故排除C。文中并没有提及建议弱势群体改变饮食习惯和消费模式，故排除D。

Part IV Translation ( 30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate apassage from Chinese into English. You should writeyour answer on Answer Sheet 2.

  冬至(Winter Solstice)是全年白昼最短、黑夜最长的一天，标志着一年中最寒冷时节的开始。 冬至过后，气温越来越低，人们的户外活动逐渐减少。农民地里活儿不多，主要忙于灌溉系统的维护和农作物的防冻，同时为来年春天播种做准备。
  中国人历来很重视冬至，许多地方都把冬至当作一个节日，庆祝方式各地不尽相同。北方人有冬至吃饺子(jiaozi)的习俗，南方人有冬至吃汤圆(tangyuan)的传统。