前置知识：无穷小的比较
例题1
求 lim x → 0 e x − e − x sin x \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{{e^x}-e^{-x}}{\sin x} x→0limsinxex−e−x
解：原式 = lim x → 0 x − ( − x ) x = lim x → 0 2 x x = 2 =\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{x-(-x)}{x}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{2x}{x}=2 =x→0limxx−(−x)=x→0limx2x=2
例题2
求 lim x → 0 e x 2 − cos x x ln ( 1 + 2 x ) \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{e^{x^2}-\cos x}{x\ln (1+2x)} x→0limxln(1+2x)ex2−cosx
解：原式 = e x 2 − 1 + 1 − cos x x ⋅ 2 x = lim x → 0 e x 2 − 1 2 x 2 + lim x → 0 1 − cos x 2 x 2 = lim x → 0 x 2 2 x 2 + lim x → 0 1 2 x 2 2 x 2 = 1 2 + 1 4 = 3 4 =\dfrac{e^{x^2}-1+1-\cos x}{x\cdot 2x}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{e^{x^2}-1}{2x^2}+\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{1-\cos x}{2x^2}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{x^2}{2x^2}+\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\frac 12x^2}{2x^2}=\dfrac 12+\dfrac 14=\dfrac 34 =x⋅2xex2−1+1−cosx=x→0lim2x2ex2−1+x→0lim2x21−cosx=x→0lim2x2x2+x→0lim2x221x2=21+41=43
例题3
当 x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0时，有无穷小量 α = 1 − cos 2 x , β = tan x − sin x , γ = 1 − sin 4 x − 1 \alpha=1-\cos 2x,\beta=\tan x-\sin x,\gamma=\sqrt{1-\sin^4x}-1 α=1−cos2x,β=tanx−sinx,γ=1−sin4x−1，将 α , β , γ \alpha,\beta,\gamma α,β,γ按后一个是前一个的高阶无穷小的顺序排列。
解：
α
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\qquad \alpha=1-\cos 2x=\dfrac 12(2x)^2=2x^2
α=1−cos2x=21(2x)2=2x2
β = tan x − sin x = tan x ( 1 − cos x ) = x ⋅ 1 2 x 2 = 1 2 x 3 \qquad \beta=\tan x-\sin x=\tan x(1-\cos x)=x\cdot \dfrac 12x^2=\dfrac 12x^3 β=tanx−sinx=tanx(1−cosx)=x⋅21x2=21x3
γ = 1 − sin 4 x − 1 = − 1 2 sin 4 x = − 1 4 x 4 \qquad \gamma=\sqrt{1-\sin ^4 x}-1=-\dfrac 12\sin^4x=-\dfrac 14x^4 γ=1−sin4x−1=−21sin4x=−41x4
\qquad 综上所述，排列顺序为 α , β , γ \alpha,\beta,\gamma α,β,γ
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