Android--单例模式

1–DCL:

public class Singleton {
    private static Singleton sInstance=null;

    private  Singleton(){

    }

    public static Singleton getsInstance(){
        if (sInstance==null){
            synchronized (Singleton.class){
                if (sInstance==null){
                    sInstance=new Singleton();
                }
            }
        }
        return sInstance;
    }
}

优点：是既能够在需要时才初始化单利，又能保证线程安全，且单例对象初始化后调用getsInstance()不进行同步锁！

DCL的优点：资源利用率高，第一次执行getsInstance()时单例对象才会被初始化，效率高。
缺点：第一次加载的时反应慢！

2–静态内部类单例模式

public class Singleton {
   private Singleton(){

   }

    public static Singleton getInstance(){
        return SingletonHolder.mInstance;
    }

    private static class SingletonHolder{
        private static final Singleton mInstance=new Singleton();
    }
}

当第一次加载Singleton类时并不会初始化mInstance，只有在第一次调用Singleton的getInstance()方法时才会导致mInstance被初始化，因此，第一次调用getInstance()方法会导致虚拟机加载SingletonHolder类！保证了线程的安全，同时也保证了单利对象的唯一性，也延迟了单例的实例化！

Android源码中的单例模式：
以LayoutInflater的from(Context)来获取LayoutInflater服务！

源码：

public static LayoutInflater from(Context context) {
    LayoutInflater LayoutInflater =
            (LayoutInflater) context.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
    if (LayoutInflater == null) {
        throw new AssertionError("LayoutInflater not found.");
    }
    return LayoutInflater;
}

可以看到from(Context)函数内部调用的是Context类的getSystemService(String key) 方法，进入
Context:
public adstract class Context{
……..
}
可以看出来Context是一个抽象类！

知识点：其实在Application,Activity,Service中通常都会存在一个Context对象，即Context的总个数为Activity个数+Service个数+1！

一个Activity的入口是ActivtiyThread的main函数, 在main函数中创建一个新的ActivtiyThread对象，并且启动消息循环(UI线程)，创建新的Activity,新的Context对象，然后将Context对象传递给Activtiy!

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
    SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
    CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

    Environment.initForCurrentUser();

    EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

    AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install();


    final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
    TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);

    Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
           // 主线程消息循环
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();

    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    //注意传了一个boolean为false的参数！
    thread.attach(false);

    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }

    if (false) {
        Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
    }
    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
    Looper.loop();

    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

当我们参数为false的时候：

private void attach(boolean system) {
    sCurrentActivityThread = this;
    mSystemThread = system;
     //不是系统应用
    if (!system) {
        ViewRootImpl.addFirstDrawHandler(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                ensureJitEnabled();
            }
        });
        android.ddm.DdmHandleAppName.setAppName("<pre-initialized>",
                                                UserHandle.myUserId());
        RuntimeInit.setApplicationObject(mAppThread.asBinder());
        final IActivityManager mgr = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault();
        try {
            //关联mAppThread
            mgr.attachApplication(mAppThread);
        } catch (RemoteException ex) {

        }

        BinderInternal.addGcWatcher(new Runnable() {
            @Override public void run() {
                if (!mSomeActivitiesChanged) {
                    return;
                }
                Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
                long dalvikMax = runtime.maxMemory();
                long dalvikUsed = runtime.totalMemory() - runtime.freeMemory();
                if (dalvikUsed > ((3*dalvikMax)/4)) {
                    if (DEBUG_MEMORY_TRIM) Slog.d(TAG, "Dalvik max=" + (dalvikMax/1024)
                            + " total=" + (runtime.totalMemory()/1024)
                            + " used=" + (dalvikUsed/1024));
                    mSomeActivitiesChanged = false;
                    try {
                        mgr.releaseSomeActivities(mAppThread);
                    } catch (RemoteException e) {
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    } else {
        // Don't set application object here -- if the system crashes,
        // we can't display an alert, we just want to die die die.
        android.ddm.DdmHandleAppName.setAppName("system_process",
                UserHandle.myUserId());
        try {
            mInstrumentation = new Instrumentation();
            ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(
                    this, getSystemContext().mPackageInfo);
            mInitialApplication = context.mPackageInfo.makeApplication(true, null);
            mInitialApplication.onCreate();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                    "Unable to instantiate Application():" + e.toString(), e);
        }
    }

    DropBox.setReporter(new DropBoxReporter());

    ViewRootImpl.addConfigCallback(new ComponentCallbacks2() {
        @Override
        public void onConfigurationChanged(Configuration newConfig) {
            synchronized (mResourcesManager) {
                if (mResourcesManager.applyConfigurationToResourcesLocked(newConfig, null)) {

                    if (mPendingConfiguration == null ||
                            mPendingConfiguration.isOtherSeqNewer(newConfig)) {
                        mPendingConfiguration = newConfig;

                        sendMessage(H.CONFIGURATION_CHANGED, newConfig);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        @Override
        public void onLowMemory() {
        }
        @Override
        public void onTrimMemory(int level) {
        }
    });
}

以上代码可以看出：在main方法中，我们创建一个ActivityThread对象后，调用了其attach函数，并且参数为false。在attach函数中，参数为false的情况下，会通过Binder机制与ActivtiyManager,Service通信，并且最终调用handleLaunchActivity 函数！

private void handleLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) {
    // If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
    // we are back active so skip it.
    unscheduleGcIdler();
    mSomeActivitiesChanged = true;

    if (r.profilerInfo != null) {
        mProfiler.setProfiler(r.profilerInfo);
        mProfiler.startProfiling();
    }

    // Make sure we are running with the most recent config.
    handleConfigurationChanged(null, null);

    if (localLOGV) Slog.v(
        TAG, "Handling launch of " + r);
    WindowManagerGlobal.initialize();

    Activity a = performLaunchActivity(r, customIntent);

    if (a != null) {
        r.createdConfig = new Configuration(mConfiguration);
        Bundle oldState = r.state;
        handleResumeActivity(r.token, false, r.isForward,
                !r.activity.mFinished && !r.startsNotResumed);

        if (!r.activity.mFinished && r.startsNotResumed) {
            try {
                r.activity.mCalled = false;
                mInstrumentation.callActivityOnPause(r.activity);
                if (r.isPreHoneycomb()) {
                    r.state = oldState;
                }
                if (!r.activity.mCalled) {
                    throw new SuperNotCalledException(
                        "Activity " + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString() +
                        " did not call through to super.onPause()");
                }

            } catch (SuperNotCalledException e) {
                throw e;

            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (!mInstrumentation.onException(r.activity, e)) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(
                            "Unable to pause activity "
                            + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString()
                            + ": " + e.toString(), e);
                }
            }
            r.paused = true;
        }
    } else {
        try {
            ActivityManagerNative.getDefault()
                .finishActivity(r.token, Activity.RESULT_CANCELED, null, false);
        } catch (RemoteException ex) {

        }
    }
}

private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent){
    // System.out.println("##### [" + System.currentTimeMillis() + "] ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(" + r + ")");

    ActivityInfo aInfo = r.activityInfo;
    if (r.packageInfo == null) {
        r.packageInfo = getPackageInfo(aInfo.applicationInfo, r.compatInfo,
                Context.CONTEXT_INCLUDE_CODE);
    }

    ComponentName component = r.intent.getComponent();
    if (component == null) {
        component = r.intent.resolveActivity(
            mInitialApplication.getPackageManager());
        r.intent.setComponent(component);
    }

    if (r.activityInfo.targetActivity != null) {
        component = new ComponentName(r.activityInfo.packageName,
                r.activityInfo.targetActivity);
    }

    Activity activity = null;
    try {
        java.lang.ClassLoader cl = r.packageInfo.getClassLoader();
        activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(
                cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);
        StrictMode.incrementExpectedActivityCount(activity.getClass());
        r.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(cl);
        r.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
        if (r.state != null) {
            r.state.setClassLoader(cl);
        }
    } catch (Exception e) {
        if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Unable to instantiate activity " + component
                + ": " + e.toString(), e);
        }
    }

    try {
        // 创建Application对象
        Application app = r.packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);

        if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Performing launch of " + r);
        if (localLOGV) Slog.v(
                TAG, r + ": app=" + app
                + ", appName=" + app.getPackageName()
                + ", pkg=" + r.packageInfo.getPackageName()
                + ", comp=" + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString()
                + ", dir=" + r.packageInfo.getAppDir());

        if (activity != null) {
          //创建Context
            Context appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r, activity);
            CharSequence title = r.activityInfo.loadLabel(appContext.getPackageManager());
            Configuration config = new Configuration(mCompatConfiguration);
            if (DEBUG_CONFIGURATION) Slog.v(TAG, "Launching activity "
                    + r.activityInfo.name + " with config " + config);
            activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
                    r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
                    r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
                    r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor);

            if (customIntent != null) {
                activity.mIntent = customIntent;
            }
            r.lastNonConfigurationInstances = null;
            activity.mStartedActivity = false;
            int theme = r.activityInfo.getThemeResource();
            if (theme != 0) {
                activity.setTheme(theme);
            }

            activity.mCalled = false;
            if (r.isPersistable()) {
            //Activity的OnCreate()方法
            mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state, r.persistentState);
            } else {
                mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state);
            }
            if (!activity.mCalled) {
                throw new SuperNotCalledException(
                    "Activity " + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString() +
                    " did not call through to super.onCreate()");
            }
            r.activity = activity;
            r.stopped = true;
            if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
                activity.performStart();
                r.stopped = false;
            }
            if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
                if (r.isPersistable()) {
                    if (r.state != null || r.persistentState != null) {
                        mInstrumentation.callActivityOnRestoreInstanceState(activity, r.state,
                                r.persistentState);
                    }
                } else if (r.state != null) {
                    mInstrumentation.callActivityOnRestoreInstanceState(activity, r.state);
                }
            }
            if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
                activity.mCalled = false;
                if (r.isPersistable()) {
                    mInstrumentation.callActivityOnPostCreate(activity, r.state,
                            r.persistentState);
                } else {
                    mInstrumentation.callActivityOnPostCreate(activity, r.state);
                }
                if (!activity.mCalled) {
                    throw new SuperNotCalledException(
                        "Activity " + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString() +
                        " did not call through to super.onPostCreate()");
                }
            }
        }
        r.paused = true;

        mActivities.put(r.token, r);

    } catch (SuperNotCalledException e) {
        throw e;

    } catch (Exception e) {
        if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Unable to start activity " + component
                + ": " + e.toString(), e);
        }
    }

    return activity;
}


//创建Context:
private Context createBaseContextForActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, final Activity activity) {
    int displayId = Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY;
    try {
        displayId = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().getActivityDisplayId(r.token);
    } catch (RemoteException e) {
    }
        //Context 的实现类是ContextImpl：
    ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createActivityContext(
            this, r.packageInfo, displayId, r.overrideConfig);
    appContext.setOuterContext(activity);
    Context baseContext = appContext;

    final DisplayManagerGlobal dm = DisplayManagerGlobal.getInstance();
    // For debugging purposes, if the activity's package name contains the value of
    // the "debug.use-second-display" system property as a substring, then show
    // its content on a secondary display if there is one.
    String pkgName = SystemProperties.get("debug.second-display.pkg");
    if (pkgName != null && !pkgName.isEmpty()
            && r.packageInfo.mPackageName.contains(pkgName)) {
        for (int id : dm.getDisplayIds()) {
            if (id != Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY) {
                Display display =
                        dm.getCompatibleDisplay(id, appContext.getDisplayAdjustments(id));
                baseContext = appContext.createDisplayContext(display);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    return baseContext;
}

class ContextImpl extends Context {


final Object[] mServiceCache = 
SystemServiceRegistry.createServiceCache();



static ContextImpl createSystemContext(ActivityThread mainThread) {
    LoadedApk packageInfo = new LoadedApk(mainThread);
    ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(null, mainThread,
            packageInfo, null, null, false, null, null, Display.INVALID_DISPLAY);
    context.mResources.updateConfiguration(context.mResourcesManager.getConfiguration(),
            context.mResourcesManager.getDisplayMetricsLocked());
    return context;
}

static ContextImpl createAppContext(ActivityThread mainThread, LoadedApk packageInfo) {
    if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
    return new ContextImpl(null, mainThread,
            packageInfo, null, null, false, null, null, Display.INVALID_DISPLAY);
}

static ContextImpl createActivityContext(ActivityThread mainThread,
        LoadedApk packageInfo, int displayId, Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
    if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
    return new ContextImpl(null, mainThread, packageInfo, null, null, false,
            null, overrideConfiguration, displayId);
}
}