原型模式
定义:
原型实例指定创建对象的种类,并且通过拷贝这些原型创建新的对象
不需要知道任何创建细节,不调用构造函数
类型:
创建型
适用场景:
- 类初始化消耗较多资源
- new 产生的一个对象需要非常繁琐的过程(数据准备、访问权限等)
- 构造函数比较复杂
- 循环体中生产大量对象
优点:
二进制流拷贝,性能比直接new一个对象高,简化创建过程
缺点:
必须配备克隆方法;对克隆复杂对象或对克隆出的对象进行复杂改造时,容易引入风险;深拷贝、浅拷贝要运用得当
扩展:
深克隆、浅克隆
实现:
实现Cloneable接口,重写clone方法
@Getter
@Setter
@ToString
public class Mail implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private String emailAddress;
private String content;
public Mail() {
System.out.println("Mail Class Constructor");
}
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
System.out.println("Clone mail Object");
return super.clone();
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
public class MailUtil {
public static void sendMail(Mail mail) {
String outputContent = "向{0}小伙伴, 邮件地址{1}, 邮件内容: {2} 发送邮件成功";
System.out.println(MessageFormat.format(outputContent, mail.getName(),
mail.getEmailAddress(), mail.getContent()));
}
public static void saveOriginMailRecord(Mail mail) {
System.out.println("==== 存储originMail记录, originMail: " + mail.getContent());
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Mail mail = new Mail();
mail.setContent("初始化模板");
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
Mail mailTemp = (Mail) mail.clone();
mailTemp.setName("姓名" + i);
mailTemp.setEmailAddress("姓名" + i + "@qq.com");
mailTemp.setContent("十连" + i + "ssr");
MailUtil.sendMail(mailTemp);
}
MailUtil.saveOriginMailRecord(mail);
}
}
深克隆、浅克隆
深克隆与浅克隆的区别体现在引用类型上
浅克隆:
使用默认的重写clone方法
clone得到一个对象后,输出相同,对象的内存地址不同
而当我们只修改pigge的birthday属性值后,发现pig的birthday也被修改了
@Getter
@Setter
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Pig implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private Date birthday;
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone();
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Pig{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", birthday=" + birthday +
'}' + '\n' + super.toString();
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Date birthday = new Date(0L);
Pig pigge = new Pig("佩奇", birthday);
Pig pig = (Pig) pigge.clone();
System.out.println(pigge);
System.out.println(pig);
System.out.println("=============================");
pigge.getBirthday().setTime(999999999999L);
System.out.println(pigge);
System.out.println(pig);
}
}
控制台输出:
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Thu Jan 01 08:00:00 CST 1970}
com.orcas.gof23.prototype.clone.Pig@7440e464
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Thu Jan 01 08:00:00 CST 1970}
com.orcas.gof23.prototype.clone.Pig@49476842
=============================
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Sun Sep 09 09:46:39 CST 2001}
com.orcas.gof23.prototype.clone.Pig@7440e464
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Sun Sep 09 09:46:39 CST 2001}
com.orcas.gof23.prototype.clone.Pig@49476842
debug后,可以看到
虽然pigge和pig的内存地址不同,然而它们的birthday是同一个内存地址,因此在修改其中一个对象的birthday时,另一个对象的birthday也被修改了。
克隆出来的Date引用的是同一个对象,是浅克隆。
深克隆:
需要将该对象中的引用对象单独进行克隆
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Pig pig = (Pig) super.clone();
pig.birthday =(Date) pig.birthday.clone();
return pig;
}
此时,debug可看到
两个对象中的Date类型的birthday指向了不同的内存地址
因此在修改其中一个birthday的值时不会影响到另一个
克隆破坏单例
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
HungrySingleton instance = HungrySingleton.getInstance();
Method cloneMethod = instance.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("clone");
cloneMethod.setAccessible(true);
HungrySingleton cloneInstance = (HungrySingleton) cloneMethod.invoke(instance);
System.out.println(instance);
System.out.println(cloneInstance);
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
public class HungrySingleton implements Serializable, Cloneable {
private final static HungrySingleton instance;
static {
instance = new HungrySingleton();
}
private HungrySingleton() {
if (instance != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("单例构造器静止反射调用");
}
}
public static HungrySingleton getInstance() {
return instance;
}
private Object readResolve() {
return instance;
}
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone();
}
}
输出了不同的对象
com.orcas.gof23.singleton.HungrySingleton@4d7e1886
com.orcas.gof23.singleton.HungrySingleton@3cd1a2f1
如何避免?
不实现Cloneable接口,或者重写clone方法时,直接返回实例
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return getInstance();
}
具体应用
实现了Cloneable接口的
1、ArrayList
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
2、HashMap
@Override
public Object clone() {
HashMap<K,V> result;
try {
result = (HashMap<K,V>)super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
result.reinitialize();
result.putMapEntries(this, false);
return result;
}
等等