python中的socket套接字基础 (客户端服务器信息交互)

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于 2024-08-06 16:58:32 发布

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分类专栏： python 文章标签： python 服务器交互

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1 socket概述

Python中，我们利用Socket套接字来实现网络通信，可以说套接字是实现网络编程进行数据传输的一种技术手段。Socket用于描述IP地址和端口，应用程序通常通过"套接字"向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求。
Socket主要是基于应用层和传输层之间，是一个中间的抽象层，功能是将负责的复杂的TCP/IP协议族隐藏在Socket接口后面。
应用程序通过套接字发送或接收数据，socket模块针对服务器端和客户端Socket进行像对文件一样的打开、读写和关闭等操作。套接字允许应用程序将I/O插入到网络中，并与网络中的其他应用程序进行通信。网络套接字是IP地址与端口的组合。

2 socket使用

通给指定地址簇和socket类型来进行创建。

地址簇	描述
socket.AF_UNIX	只能够用于单一的Unix系统进程间通信
socket.AF_INET	服务器之间网络通信IPv4
socket.AF_INET6	IPv6

socket类型	描述
socket.SOCK_STREAM	流式socket , for TCP
socket.SOCK_DGRAM	数据报式socket , for UDP
socket.SOCK_RAW	原始套接字，普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文，而SOCK_RAW可以；其次，SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文；此外，利用原始套接字，可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。

服务器与客户端交互过程：
在这里插入图片描述
服务器：
1 创建socket套接字
2 绑定地址和端口
3 监听客户端socket请求
4 等待客户端连接
5 创建新套接字描述符，等待客户端发送请求
客户端：
1 创建套接字
2 发送请求，连接服务器地址和端口
3 连接成功后，发送/接收数据

2.1 socket常用函数

socket常用函数	描述
sk.bind(address)	将socket绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下，以元组（host,port）的形式表示地址。
sk.listen(backlog)	开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前，可以挂起的最大连接数量。
sk.connect(address)	连接到address处的socket。一般，address的格式为元组（hostname,port），如果连接出错，返回socket.error错误。
sk.connect_ex(address)	同上，只不过会有返回值，连接成功时返回 0 ，连接失败时候返回编码。
sk.close()	关闭socket。
sk.recv(bufsize)	接受socket的数据。数据以字符串形式返回，bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。
sk.send(string)	将string中的数据发送到连接的socket。
sk.sendall(string)	将string中的数据发送到连接的socket，但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None，失败则抛出异常。
sk.settimeout(timeout)	设置socket操作的超时期，timeout是一个浮点数，单位是秒。超时期应该在刚创建socket时设置.
sk.accept()	接受连接并返回（conn,address）,其中conn是新的socket对象，可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。

2.2 简单实现客户端与服务器信息交互

服务器：

import socket
from loggers import log

# 1 创建socket套接字
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# 格式socket.socket（地址簇，socket类型）
# 返回一个通信套接字s，为本机向网络通信的接口。

# 2 绑定地址和端口
port = 18080
host = socket.gethostname()
# 绑定本地地址，只有主机上的进程可以连接到服务器，如果host传空字符串，服务器将接受本机所有可用的 IPv4 地址。
s.bind((host, port))

# 3 等待客户端连接
s.listen(3)
# 建立最多三个连接监听,在拒绝连接之前，操作系统可以挂起的最大连接数量。

# 4 连接成功后，发送/接收数据
while True:
# (阻塞式)等待连接的到来
conn, addr = s.accept()
# conn是新的套接字对象，可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。
log.info(“欢迎{}连接”.format(addr))
while True:
data = conn.recv(1024)
dt = data.decode(‘utf-8’)
log.info(“服务器收到{}”.format(dt))
log.info(“服务器发送：”)
p = input()
if p == ‘quit’:
conn.close()
s.close()
else:
conn.send(p1.encode(‘utf-8’))

客户端：

import sys
import socket
from loggers import log

def client():
log.info(“客户端启动”)

<span class="token comment"># 1 创建套接字</span>
c <span class="token operator">=</span> socket<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
port <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">18080</span>
host <span class="token operator">=</span> socket<span class="token punctuation">.</span>gethostname<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 2 连接地址和端口</span>
c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>connect<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>host<span class="token punctuation">,</span> port<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 3 连接成功后，发送/接收数据</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    log<span class="token punctuation">.</span>info<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"客户端发送："</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> a <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'quit'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        sys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>exit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>send<span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>encode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'utf-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        data <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">.</span>recv<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        log<span class="token punctuation">.</span>info<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"客户端收到：{}"</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

if name == ‘main’:
client()

注意先运行服务器，再运行客户端，运行结果如下：
在这里插入图片描述

2.3 多线程实现服务器和客户端信息交互

实例一实现了一个客户端与服务器的通信，但存在一些问题：不能多个客户端同时与服务器通信；发送和接收不能同时进行等。通过使用多线程，就可以解决一些问题。
服务器：

class MyServer(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        host = socket.gethostname()
        port = 18080
        self.server.bind((host, port))
        self.server.listen(5)
        # 将客户端连接的socket，addr保存为键值对，放在字典中。
        self.socket_mapping = {}
        self.socket_list = []
        self.maxSize = 1024
        self.loc = threading.Lock()
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""
    创建用户连接线程和发送信息线程
    """</span>
    t2 <span class="token operator">=</span> threading<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"client02"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> target<span class="token operator">=</span>my_server<span class="token punctuation">.</span>creat_client_socket<span class="token punctuation">,</span> args<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    t2<span class="token punctuation">.</span>start<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    t1 <span class="token operator">=</span> threading<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"client01"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> target<span class="token operator">=</span>my_server<span class="token punctuation">.</span>send_to_client<span class="token punctuation">,</span> args<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    t1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>start<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">send_to_client</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""
    获取键盘输入并发送给客户端
    :param socket:
    :return:
    """</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        info <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'输入发送内容\n'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"您要发送的内容为：%s"</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> info<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token builtin">id</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'请选择需要发送的线程ID：0~'</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket_list<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">'\n'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'输入的id为：'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket_list<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>send<span class="token punctuation">(</span>info<span class="token punctuation">.</span>encode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'utf-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">create_client_socket</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
	<span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""
	连接客户端，开启连接客户端线程
	"""</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        soc<span class="token punctuation">,</span> addr <span class="token operator">=</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>server<span class="token punctuation">.</span>accept<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        soc<span class="token punctuation">.</span>send<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'success！'</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>encode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'utf-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket_list<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span>soc<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"新的客户端"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> soc<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        threading<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Thread<span class="token punctuation">(</span>target<span class="token operator">=</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>recv_from_client<span class="token punctuation">,</span> args<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soc<span class="token punctuation">,</span> addr<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>start<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">recv_from_client</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">,</span> soc<span class="token punctuation">,</span> addr<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""
    接收客户端信息
    :param socket:
    :return:
    """</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    	addr <span class="token operator">=</span> addr
    	recv_info <span class="token operator">=</span> soc<span class="token punctuation">.</span>recv<span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>maxSize<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>decode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'utf-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    	<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'服务器收到客户端{}的信息: {}'</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>addr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> recv_info<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

客户端：

import socket
import threading
from loggers import log

class MyClient:
def init(self):
self.server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
host = socket.gethostname()
port = 18080
self.server.connect((host, port))
self.maxSize = 1024

# 将收和发分别创建线程，可以解决收发不能同时进行的问题
def run(self):
“”"
同时收发信息
“”"
tr = threading.Thread(target=self.text_recv)
tr.start()
ts = threading.Thread(target=self.text_send)
ts.start()

# 收和发分别封装成函数
def text_recv(self):
“”"
接收服务端发来的信息
“”"
while True:
data = self.server.recv(1024)
dt = data.decode(‘utf-8’)
log.info(“客户端收到{}”.format(dt))

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">text_send</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""
    发送信息给服务器
    """</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        <span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
            msg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>server<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sendall<span class="token punctuation">(</span>msg<span class="token punctuation">.</span>encode<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'utf8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> msg <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'quit'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
                self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>server<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="token keyword">as</span> e<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
            log<span class="token punctuation">.</span>error<span class="token punctuation">(</span>e<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

运行结果如下：
在这里插入图片描述

问题记录：
如下是服务器存在问题的一部分，连接多个客户端，并同时开启发送和接收线程。
但在发送数据时，存在问题。假设有两个客户端0和1同时连接，在进行send_to_client时，想通过输入来选择发送给哪一个客户端，input()阻塞式输入，会一直等待输入，输入选择第0个客户端后，不继续往下执行之后的代码，会再执行客户端1的 “选择客户端”，然后再切换到客户端0的发送线程继续执行之后的输入信息，再切换到客户端1的发送线程继续执行。这样达不到选择客户端，并进行信息发送的目的。
上述正确实现中，将发送信息线程单独拿出来，连接的多个客户端创建为多个线程，发送信息时，选择客户端线程发送信息。

    def run(self):
        """
        多线程同时收发信息
        """
       while True:
            socket, addr = self.server.accept()
            log.info("{}连接成功".format(addr))
            socket.send('success！'.encode('utf-8'))
            self.socket_mapping[socket] = addr
            threading.Thread(name="client01", target=self.send_to_client, args=(socket,)).start()
            threading.Thread(name="client02", target=self.recv_from_client, args=(socket,)).start()
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">send_to_client</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""
    获取键盘输入,发送给客户端
    :param
    :return:
    """</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        socket_list <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket_mapping<span class="token punctuation">.</span>keys<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        addr_list <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket_mapping<span class="token punctuation">.</span>values<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        log<span class="token punctuation">.</span>info<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"addr_list:{}"</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>addr_list<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>addr_list<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>socket_mapping<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
            choose <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"选择客户端："</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
            <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>addr_list<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
                <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

# if self.loc.acquire(True):
# info = input(“输入发送给客户端：”)
# if info != “quit” and len(info) > 0:
# socket_list[i].send(info.encode(“utf-8”))
# else:
# socket_list[i].close()
# self.loc.release()

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python中的socket套接字基础 (客户端服务器信息交互)

Python中，我们利用Socket套接字来实现网络通信，可以说套接字是实现网络编程进行数据传输的一种技术手段。Socket用于描述IP地址和端口，应用程序通常通过"套接字"向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求。Socket主要是基于应用层和传输层之间，是一个中间的抽象层，功能是将负责的复杂的TCP/IP协议族隐藏在Socket接口后面。应用程序通过套接字发送或接收数据，socket模块针对服务器端和客户端Socket进行像对文件一样的打开、读写和关闭等操作。
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