测试
所谓“维数定理”应该不止一个。这里存放一个“维数定理”的证明。
注:另一个大概是若 T : V → W T: V \rightarrow W T:V→W 是线性变换,那么
dim ( ker ( T ) ) + dim ( ℑ ( T ) ) = dim ( V ) \dim(\ker(T)) + \dim(\image(T)) = \dim(V) dim(ker(T))+dim(ℑ(T))=dim(V)
定理:若 U 1 U_1 U1 和 U 2 U_2 U2 是 V V V 的子空间,那么
dim ( U 1 ) + dim ( U 2 ) = dim ( U 1 + U 2 ) + dim ( U 1 ∩ U 2 ) \dim(U_1) + \dim(U_2) = \dim(U_1 + U_2) + \dim(U_1 \cap U_2) dim(U1)+dim(U2)=dim(U1+U2)+dim(U1∩U2)
证明:
记 r = dim ( U 1 ) , s = dim ( U 2 ) , t = dim ( U 1 ∩ U 2 ) r = \dim(U_1), s = \dim(U_2), t = \dim(U_1 \cap U_2) r=dim(U1),s=dim(U2),t=dim(U1∩U2)
取 U 1 ∩ U 2 U_1 \cap U_2 U1∩U2 的一组基 α ⃗ 1 , ⋯ , α ⃗ t \vec \alpha_1, \cdots, \vec \alpha_t α1,⋯,αt, 由基扩张定理可设 α ⃗ 1 , ⋯ , α ⃗ t , β ⃗ t + 1 , ⋯ , β ⃗ r \vec \alpha_1, \cdots, \vec \alpha_t, \vec \beta_{t+1}, \cdots, \vec \beta_r α1,⋯,αt,βt+1,⋯,βr 是 U 1 U_1 U1 的一组基, α ⃗ 1 , ⋯ , α ⃗ t , γ ⃗ t + 1 , ⋯ , γ ⃗ s \vec \alpha_1, \cdots, \vec \alpha_t, \vec \gamma_{t+1}, \cdots, \vec \gamma_s α1,⋯,αt,γt+1,⋯,γs 是 U 2 U_2 U2 的一组基。
下证 α ⃗ 1 , ⋯ , α ⃗ t , β ⃗ t + 1 , ⋯ , β ⃗ r , γ ⃗ t + 1 , ⋯ γ s \vec \alpha_1, \cdots, \vec \alpha_t, \vec \beta_{t+1}, \cdots, \vec \beta_r, \vec \gamma_{t+1}, \cdots \gamma_s α1,⋯,α