量子力学第二弹——基本假设

最新推荐文章于 2022-07-31 14:35:24 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-07-31 14:35:24 发布

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文章标签：量子力学基本假设

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/44408041

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在漫长的历史发展中，量子力学已经形成了公理化体系。各家说法可能不一，这里择其一端，所谓量子力学五大假设。

State Postulate
The state of a system is a state operator in Hilbert Space, i.e. $|\psi\rangle,\langle\psi|$
Operator Postulate
An observable is an operator, namely, a tensor in Hilbert Space.
Measurement Postulate
1. Every measurement achieves an eigenvalue & eigenstate of the operator. $F^| ψ n ⟩ = F n | ψ n ⟩$ $\hat F|\psi_n\rangle=F_n|\psi_n\rangle$
2. State Superposition $| ψ ⟩ = \sum n c n ψ n$ $|\psi\rangle=\sum_nc_n\psi_n$
3. Probability of $F_n$ (and also $|\psi_n\rangle$ ) $P n = | c n | 2 = | ⟨ ψ n | | ψ ⟩ | 2$ $P_n=|c_n|^2=|\langle\psi_n||\psi\rangle|^2$
  Average(Mean) Value $⟨ F^⟩ = F ¯ ¯ ¯ = \sum n F n c 2 n = ⟨ ψ | F^| ψ ⟩$ $\langle\hat F\rangle=\overline F=\sum_nF_nc_n^2=\langle\psi|\hat F|\psi\rangle$
Evolution Postulate
1. State Evolution, Schrodingor Picture
  状态变化，力学量不变化。 $⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⟨ F ⟩ = ⟨ ψ (t) | F^| ψ (t) ⟩ d F ^ d t \equiv 0$ $\begin{cases}\langle F\rangle=\langle\psi(t)|\hat F|\psi(t)\rangle\\ \dfrac{d\hat F}{dt}\equiv 0\end{cases}$ 服从Schrodinger方程 $i ℏ \partial \partial t | ψ (t) ⟩ = H | ψ (t) ⟩$ $\begin{equation}i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}|\psi(t)\rangle=H|\psi(t)\rangle\end{equation}$
2. Observable Evolution, Heisenberg Picture
  力学量变化，状态不变。 $⎧ ⎩ ⎨ ⟨ F ⟩ = ⟨ ψ | F^(t) | ψ ⟩ d ψ d t \equiv 0$ $\begin{cases}\langle F\rangle=\langle\psi|\hat F(t)|\psi\rangle\\ \dfrac{d \psi}{dt}\equiv 0\end{cases}$ 服从Heisengberg方程 $d F ^ d t = \partial F ^ \partial t + 1 i ℏ [F^, H^]$ $\frac{d\hat F}{dt}=\frac{\partial \hat F}{\partial t}+\frac1 {i\hbar}[\hat F,\hat H]$
Identical Postulate
Macro world $\sim$ Not Identical
Micro world $\sim$ Identical
$| ψ ⟩ \to | ψ' ⟩ = | ψ ⟩ (B o s o n) ↓ | ψ' ⟩ = e i π | ψ ⟩ = - | ψ ⟩ (F e r m i o n)$ $\begin{align*}&|\psi\rangle\rightarrow|\psi'\rangle=|\psi\rangle(Boson)\\ &\downarrow\\ &|\psi'\rangle=e^{i\pi}|\psi\rangle=-|\psi\rangle(Fermion)\end{align*}$
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Prof.

$\sum n F n c 2 n = ⟨ ψ | F^| ψ ⟩$ $\sum_nF_nc_n^2=\langle\psi|\hat F|\psi\rangle$
First we have
$| ψ ⟩ = \sum n c n | ψ n ⟩$ $|\psi\rangle=\sum_nc_n|\psi_n\rangle$
Then
$⟨ ψ | = (| ψ ⟩) † = \sum n ⟨ ψ n | c * n$ $\langle\psi|=(|\psi\rangle)^{\dagger}=\sum_n\langle\psi_n|c_n^*$
Thus
$⟨ ψ | F^| ψ ⟩ = = = = = (\sum n ⟨ ψ n | c * n) F^(\sum m c m | ψ m ⟩) \sum m, n ⟨ ψ n | F^| ψ m ⟩ c * n c m \sum m, n ⟨ ψ n | ψ m ⟩ F m c * n c m \sum m, n δ m n F m c * n c m \sum n F n c 2 n$ $\begin{align*}\langle\psi|\hat F|\psi\rangle=&(\sum_n\langle\psi_n|c_n^*)\hat F(\sum_mc_m|\psi_m\rangle)\\=&\sum_{m,n}\langle\psi_n|\hat F|\psi_m\rangle c_n^*c_m\\=&\sum_{m,n}\langle\psi_n|\psi_m\rangle F_mc_n^*c_m\\=&\sum_{m,n}\delta_{mn} F_mc_n^*c_m\\=&\sum_nF_nc_n^2\end{align*}$