2019/07/26_paper/sponge_bacteria_network(2019)

title： Modularity and predicted functions of the global sponge-microbiome network

宿主内微生物的多样性可能主要是由两个原因导致的：(i) which species arrive, and (ii) whether those that arrive manage to stay.

The ability of a species to stay in a given location is mainly determined by two factors: environment and biotic interactions. 环境和生物间的相互作用。

与宿主相关的微生物群落可能保持着宿主进化的祖先信号，这可能导致相关宿主比系统发育不同的宿主拥有更多相似的微生物群落，这一模式被称为系统共生。

宿主获取环境微生物的方式会影响微生物的聚集和特性，从而支持一种假设，即具有生理或行为特征的物种群可以包含相似的微生物群落。

Marine sponges are suitable models for exploring microbiome assembly in host-associated systems as they can harbour dense
and diverse microbial communities with microbial richness around for both high- and low-microbial abundance (HMA
and LMA) species, consistent with the most microbially diverse environments on the planet. Metabolic functions performed by these microbes underpin host health and survival.
有几条证据表明，海绵中微生物的选择应该受到水柱提供的随机性或环境过滤以外的因素的驱动。Firstly, sponge–microbiome networks display several structural features known to be a hallmark of non-random organization across different types of complex ecological networks such as scale-free degree distributions。 Secondly, there is an apparent dichotomy of sponge host type between highand low-microbial abundance species (HMA vs. LMA). Finally, the evolutionary history of the host has been shown to influence the diversity of symbiotic communities in marine sponges, while microbial composition is mainly driven by host identity。
 

One of the key structural features of complex networks is their modularity。 
In sponge–microbiome networks, a modular structure can reveal common metabolic pathways across host species。 

Our results suggest that the modular structure of the global network is likely determined by two ecological factors: (i) environment (via water temperature), and, to a lesser extent, (ii) host type, i.e. LMA vs. HMA. Geographical location (ecoregion) and depth had no influence on the modular organisation of the global network.  

the microbiomes of modules 3 and 4 (those comprised mainly of HMA sponges) contain a higher fraction of unclassified Bacteria than other modules, while module 5 harboured a larger fraction of Alphaproteobacteria. This suggests that not only ecologically but also genetically related microbes are forming microbial associations within modules. The majority of HMA sponges (73.53% or 25 out of 34), grouped together in the same module (number 4), whereas LMA sponges were distributed across several modules based on similarity in their microbial composition. 所以HMA和LMA区别还是很明显的，因为HMA总喜欢聚在一起。

这表明，HMA海绵在微生物群落组成上比LMA海绵更相似，LMA海绵可以容纳许多不同海绵物种共享的微生物。

microbiome phylogeny found to be a strong predictor of the core network modularity。微生物的进化树被认为是微生物网络模块化强有力的预测。但是the phylogenetic background of sponge hosts does not have a role in the organisation of the core  network. 宿主的发育背景对这个核心网络没有影响。然而 the majority of HMA sponges that grouped into the ‘HMA module’ were closely related within their phylogenetic tree。 

海绵核心-微生物网络的模块具有不同的预测功能，其中至少三个核心网络模块中的微生物群落具有显著不同的代谢功能。

总结：
Sponge associated microbial communities also display scale variability, with different modular patterns emerging when considering the entire vs. the core microbiome networks. This differentiation reflects the relative strength of ecological vs. evolutionary factors on the assembly of host-microbiome networks.

The emergent pattern for sponges shows that seawater temperature constitutes a major driver in the assembly of the large-scale host-associated microbiome whereas microbial evolutionary origin plays a more prominent role in structuring the core sponge microbiome. 

这篇文章主要是建立了海绵和微生物的网络图。 搜集了全球150多种海绵，以及2000多种共生的微生物。 揭示了这些微生物和海绵进化的关系，以及和海绵生活环境的关系。从而说明了共生体和宿主进化的相关性强于环境因素。 另外，HMA和LMA的差别。。。。