Lesson 5 The facts

Lesson 5 The facts

单词

editor n. 编辑

editor of ... 某一家报社/出版社的编辑.

the editor of the Washington Post 华盛顿邮报的这位编辑.

(NCE3 - 5) editors of newspapers and magazines 报社和杂志社的编辑们.

chief editor = editor in chief 主编.

edit v. 编辑.

Janet edited books for a variety of (多种多样的, 很多不同的...) publishers (n. 出版社, 出版商). Janet过去为许多(不同的)出版商编辑书籍.

edition n. 版本.

a paperback (adj. 简装的, 软皮儿的) edition 简装版本.

a hard-cover (adj. 精装的, 硬皮儿的) edition 精装版本.

a deluxe (adj. 豪华的) edition 豪华版本.

the first edition 首版.

a revised edition 修订版.

in its sixth edition 在(某本书的)第六版中.

editorial adj. 编辑的, 与编辑相关的. n. 报社/杂志社的社论/社评.

(conversation) M: Mary is in charge of the art and music section (n. 报纸上的版/版块); and Charles (is in the charge of, 由于上下两句为并列句, 所以可以省略此部分) the sports page. What are you? Mary负责艺术音乐版块, Charles负责体育页. 你的工作是什么呢?

W: I’m responsible for the editorials. 我负责社论、社评.

Q: Where does the woman work?

Answer: At a newspaper office. 在报社办公室.

(Conversation) M: Would you pass me the sports section, please? 你可以把(报纸的)体育版给我吗?

W: Sure. If you give me the classified ads (分类广告) and editorial section (社论版块). 可以呀, 不过你得把分类广告和社论版块给我.

Q: What are the people doing?

Answer: Reading the newspaper.

extreme n. 极端, adj. 极端的, 过分的.

go to extremes 走极端, 做...做得太过分了.   

(NCE3 - 5) Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant (adj. 不重要的) facts and statistics (n. 统计数字).

(NCE3 - 56) This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes. 这是一种罕见的情况, 因为我们的气候很少会走极端.

Extreme poverty still exists in many rural areas. 极端贫困依然存在于很多农村地区.

Force (n. 武力, 暴力) is only justified (justify v. 证明是合理的, 情有可原的) in extreme circumstances (在极端情况下). 只有在极端情况下才可以使用武力.

extremely adv. 极端地.

be extremely difficult / important / useful / complicated / pleased / grateful ... 极端(极其) 困难/重要/有用/错综复杂/高兴/感谢 的.

(NCE3 - 27) Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money (用金钱去衡量物质商品的价格), it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us (估算人们为我们提供的服务的真实价值).

(NCE3 - 46) But I was extremely pleased with myself. I had traced the cause of the trouble. 但我对自己感到特别的高兴. 我找到了麻烦的根源了.

journalist n. 记者. (可用reporter代替).

columnist n. 专栏记者/作家.

correspondent n. 驻外记者, 专题记者.

our Middle East correspondent 我们驻中东地区的记者.

Our Correspondent in South Africa sent this report. 我们驻南非的记者发来了这份报告.  

a war / sports / education / political correspondent 一名专写 战争/体育/教育/政治 题材的记者.

journalism n. 新闻学, 新闻工作/报告.

a career in journalism 新闻行业中的一个职业.

I plan to study journalism at college. 我计划在大学里攻读新闻学.

(Conversation) Interviewer: I see under ‘activities’ that you have been writing for the school paper. 我在你参加过的活动中看到你曾经给学校的校报写文章.

Boy: Yes. sir. 是的, 先生.

Interviewer: What kinds of articles have you written? 你都写过什么样的文章呢?

Boy: All kinds – sports, editorials, theatre reviews. You name it, I’ve written it. 各种各样的文章-体育、社论、戏剧评论-我都写过. 只要是你说的出来的, 我都写过.

Interviewer: Hmmm. Well, have you ever thought of becoming a journalist? 嗯..., 你曾考虑过成为一名记者吗?  

Boy: A professional writer? Not until recently. 成为一名职业作家吗? 直到最近我都没考虑过.  

Interviewer: Michigan has a fine school (n. 大学的学院) of Journalism. 密歇根大学有非常棒的新闻学院.

Boy: Yes, I know that. 是呀, 我知道这个.

Interviewer: You seem to have some reservations. 你看似对此有些保留(有些犹豫, 还没拿定主意).

Boy: I am a little uncertain. 我还有点不确定.

publish v. 出版.

This book is published by Oxford University Press (n. 出版社, <- publisher n. 出版社, 出版商). 这本书由牛津大学出版社出版.

publishing n. 出版行业.

She chose publishing as a career. 她选择了出版业作为职业.

the press 新闻业, 新闻行业, 报界, 舆论界.

the freedom of the press 新闻自由.

(NCE - 45) In democratic (adj. 民主的) countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press (新闻自由) are rightly condemned. 在民主国家, 任何限制新闻自由的努力都应受到谴责.

go to press 付梓, 出版.

(NCE3 - 5) Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. 在此期间, 这位编辑逐渐失去耐心, 因为杂志很快就要出版了.

pirate v. (非法)出版, n. 海盗.

pirated CDs / books / software 盗版 CD/书籍/软件.

fire v. 解雇.

fire / dismiss sb. (from ...) 解雇某人 (从...工作上).

I’ve just been fired from my job, and I don’t know what to do. 我刚刚从工作岗位上被解雇了, 我现在不知所措.

She claims (v. 声称) she was unfairly (adv. 不公平地) dismissed from her post (n. 岗位, 职务). 她声称她从岗位上不公平地被解雇了.

(NCE3 - 49) The poor girl was dismissed instantly (adv. 立刻地 = immediately). 这个可怜的女孩立刻被解雇了.

lose one’s job 某人被辞退了.

Many people won’t complain about pay and conditions because they are terrified of (害怕) losing their jobs. 很多人不会抱怨工作的报酬和条件, 因为他们害怕丢工作.

lay off 短期解聘某人.

Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry. 钢铁行业数以百万计的人们被短期解聘了.

laid-off workers 下岗工人.

suspend v. 停职.

The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry (n. 调查) is carried out. 这两名警察已经被停职了, 直到调查出结果. / 在调查出结果前, 这两名警察将处于停职状态.

depose v. 罢免.

King Charles I was deposed from the English throne (n. 王位, 王权) in 1646. 国王查理一世于1646年被罢免王位.

课文

Editors of newspapers and magazines (报社和杂志社的编辑) often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics (不重要的事实和统计数字). 报社和杂志社的编辑们常常为了向读者提供不重要的事实和统计数字而走极端.

offer sb. sth. 给某人某物 = offer sth. to sb.

They offered him a very good job, but he turned it down. 他们给他提供了一份很好的工作, 但他拒绝了.

The drama school offers places to students who can show talent. 戏剧学校为能展示才华的学生们提供了(表演的)场所.

在并列结构中, 若并列成分的重要性差不太多, 则按照”尾重原则”进行排列.

facts and statistics 事实和统计数字.

fruit (n. 水果, 表数量时不可数; 若表示种类, 则可数) and vegetables 蔬菜水果.

fur and feather (使用借代的修辞) / birds and beasts 飞禽走兽.

bed and board / food and shelter 食宿.

food, shelter, clothing and transportation 衣食住行.

Some websites often go to extremes to provider their visitors with a bewildering amount of information (令人眼花缭乱的大量的信息, 泛指; 若特指, 用 the bewildering amount of information 表达). 某些网站常常过分地给访问者提供令人眼花缭乱的大量的信息.

(NCE3 - 38) Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have. 电影、录像、光盘和光驱仅是他们能够获得的令人眼花缭乱的大量信息中的一部分.

Last year (去年, 时间状语) a journalist had been instructed by (使用被动语态, 突出journalist的重要性) a well-known magazine to write an article on the president’s palace (总统府) in a new African republic (一个新诞生的非洲的共和国).

instruct sb. in sth. 教某人某事. ->(派生义) 命令/指示某人做某事 (强调详细告诉该怎么做).

I instruct a class in history. 我给一个班教历史.

instructor n. 老师, 教学人员.

instruct / direct sb. to do sth. 指示/命令某人做某事.

I have been instructed by the company to offer you a refund (n. 退款). 我受公司指示为您提供退款.

The judge directed the defendant (n. 被告) to remain silent. 法官命令被告保持安静.

(NCE3 - 3) Some time ago (前不久), an interesting discovery was made by (使用被动语态, 突出discovery的重要性) archaeologists on the Aegean (adj. 爱琴海的) island of Kea. 前不久, 考古学家们在爱琴海的基亚岛上做出了一项有趣的发现.

(NCE3 - 10) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by (使用被动语态, 突出iceberg的重要性) a look-out. 在出发四天后, 泰坦尼克号正行驶在北大西洋冰冷的海域上. 突然, 瞭望员发现了一座巨大的冰山.

(NCE3 - 32) A radio message from the mainland had been received by (使用被动语态, 突出message的重要性) the ship’s captain instructing him to give up the search. 船长收到了一封来自(欧洲)大陆的电报, 电报命令他放弃搜寻.

an article on / about sth. (by sb.) 某人写的一篇关于...的文章.

an article on / about education by Mr. Smith. Smith先生写的一篇关于教育的文章.

the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国.

When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it. The article began: ‘Hundreds of steps (数百级台阶) lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace (总统府). 当文章到达杂志社后, 这位编辑读了第一句话然后拒绝发表它. 文章是这样开头的: 数百级台阶通往环绕总统府的高墙.

The card arrived on my birthday. 我在生日那天收到了这封贺卡.

A letter came for you this morning. 今天早上有一封给你的信到了.

(NCE3 - 1) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. 当有人报告伦敦动物园说在伦敦以南45英里处发现了一头美洲狮时, 这些报告并未受到重视.

When the letter came / arrived, Jane read the first sentence and then cried. 当Jane收到信时, 读完第一句话就哭了.

dozens of (几打, 好几十个) / scores of (数十个) / hundreds of (几百个) / thousands of (几千个) / millions of (几百万个) + 复数名词.

tens of thousands of (数以万计的) / hundreds of thousands of (数十万个) + 复数名词.

thousands upon thousands of (成千上万的) + 复数名词.

lead to ... 通往某个地方, 导致...

All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马.

(NCE3 - 48) The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep (adj. 陡峭的) sides of a mountain. 这条小路通往在大山峭壁上的一座小村庄.

(NCE3 - 33) This led to yet another angry argument. 这导致了又一场激烈的争吵.

surround v. 包围, 环绕.

(NCE3 - 46) Needless to say our house is now surrounded by a jungle (n. 丛林). 不用说你也能想到, 我们的房子现在被丛林包围了.

(NCE3 - 48) Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate. 我们俩抬头一看, 我们被一帮破衣啰嗦的孩子们包围了, 他们静静地看着我们吃东西.

surrounding adj. 周围的.

(NCE2 - 62) Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding (adj. 周围的) villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. 冬天眼看就要来了, 并且大山有把周围的村庄毁掉的危险, 因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤, 而且会引发严重的洪水.

The editor at once (立即, 立刻 = immediately) sent the journalist a fax (给记者发了一封传真) instructing him to find out (找到...信息) the exact (adj. 精确的) number of steps and the height of the wall. 编辑立即给记者发了一封传真, 命令他精确确定台阶的阶数和墙的高度.

sent sb. a fax / a letter / an email / a card 给某人发一封传真/寄一封信/发一封email/寄一张卡片.

get / receive a fax / a letter / an email / a card from ... 从某人那里收到一封传真/一封信/一封email/一张卡片.

find out: get information 得到信息, 找到抽象的信息/情况/情报.

(NCE3 - 13) She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear. 她想看一看穿上这件衣服是否舒服.

(NCE3 - 22) One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. 一天晚上, 狱卒决定和他的同事开个玩笑看看, 在这么多场演出之后, 他的同事是否已经将那封信的内容熟记于心.

find v. 找到具体的东西.

(NCE3 - 15) He could not find his fifty pence piece (五十便士的硬币) anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out. 他到处找, 也找不到他那五十便士的硬币. 更为糟糕的是, 他的胳膊卡住了.

The manager at once sent his secretary an email instructing her to find out the exact number of the people who will attend the meeting. 这位经理立刻给他的秘书发了一封email, 要求她了解一下即将出席会议的确切人数.

The journalist immediately (替换上文中的at once) set out to obtain (v. 获取, 采集) these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient (变得越来越不耐烦了: 用进行时表示变化的过程), for the magazine would soon go to press. 记者立即开始采集这些重要的事实, 但他花了好久才发来这些数据. 在此期间, 编辑逐渐丧失耐心, 因为杂志眼看就要出版了.

set out: to start a journey, especially a long journey, 意为动身, 出发.

(NCE3 - 25) Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. 这两艘船都于1872年6月18日从上海出发, 开启一场去往英格兰的激动人心的竞速比赛.

(NCE3 - 10) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out. 在出发四天后, 泰坦尼克号正行驶在北大西洋冰冷的海域之上, 突然瞭望员发现了一座巨大的冰山.

set out to do sth: begin a job, task, etc with a particular aim or goal, 意为带着某种目的或目标开始一项工作或任务.

(NCE3 - 16) Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. Dimitri马上开始寻找小偷.

(NCE3 - 31) True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves. 真正的怪人从不刻意吸引他人的注意力.

(NCE2 - 50) I went on an excursion (n. 远足) recently, but my trip took (花费, 事物做主语) me longer than I expected. 最近我去远足了一趟, 旅行花费的时间比我预想的要长.

(NCE3 - 44) Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. 即使在理想的天气条件下, 海上行程也会花费很长时间.

(NCE3 - 28) It took (形式主语it做主语) me over half an hour to get rid of him. 这花了我半个多小时才把他摆脱掉.

I took (人做主语) just ten minutes to solve that problem. 我仅仅花了十分钟就解决了这个问题.

He always takes (人做主语) so long to eat his breakfast. 他总是花很久吃早饭.

spend ... on sth. / (in) doing sth.

(NCE3 - 50) I argued (辩称说) that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home from work. 我辩称说, 如果我少花点时间早起锻炼把自己弄得精疲力竭, 下班回家后我就能神智清醒地读书.

(NCE4 - 39) One (有一个作家), to my certain knowledge (据我所知), spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands. 据我所知, 有一个作家花了九个月的时间研究克什米尔的小说, 然后把整个故事情节设置到苏格兰高地上去了.

The secretary immediately set out to verify these important facts, but she took a long time to finish it. 这位秘书立即着手核实(verify)这些重要的事实, 但是她花了很长时间才完成.

meanwhile, at the same time, (in the) meantime: 与此同时.

I continued working. Meantime, he went out shopping. 我继续在工作. 与此同时, 他出去购物了.

(NCE3 - 33) It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles. 警察用了几乎一小时才让交通再次恢复运转. 与此同时, 卡车司机只好把数以百计的碎瓶子扫起来.

He sent the journalist two more faxes, but received no reply. He sent yet another (yet加强语气, 意为”又一个”) fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. 他给记者又发了两封传真, 但还是没收到回复. 他又发了一封传真, 告知记者如果他不迅速回复, 他将被解雇.

one more ... = another ... 又一个...

two more ... = another two ... 又两个...

In another two weeks it will be finished. 再过两个礼拜就能完成了.

= In two more weeks it will be finished.

yet / still (加强语气) one more / another / bigger ...

(NCE3 - 33) This led to yet another angry argument. 这引发了又一场激烈的争吵.

yet / still one more example 又一个例子.

He has given us yet / still more work to do. 他又给了我们更多工作去做.

Inflation had risen to a yet / still higher level. 通货膨胀已经上升到更高的程度.

(conversation) M: They said the train won’t arrive until nine. 他们说火车到九点才到.

W: Well, what that boils down to (boil down to ... 归根结底, 结局是...) is yet another delay in our schedule. 嗯... 结局是我们日程上又一次延误.

Q: What does the woman mean?

Answer: They are going to be late again. 他们要再一次迟到了.

inform sb. of sth.

inform sb. that ... 通知某人某事.

in that ...(复合连词) 因为..., but / except that ...(复合连词) 除了...情况之外或要不是...的话.  

The kidnapper sent yet another anonymous letter informing the old lady that if she called the police she would never see her son again. 绑匪(kidnapper)又寄了一封匿名信(anonymous letter), 通知老太太如果她报警, 她就再也看不到她儿子了.

When the journalist again failed to reply (时间状语从句), the editor reluctantly (adv. 不情愿地 = unwillingly) published the article as it had originally been written (方式状语从句, 用过去完成时强调动作发生在过去的过去). A week later, the editor at last received a fax from the journalist. 当记者再一次没能回复时, 编辑不情愿地按照文章原来书写的样子出版了. 一周后, 编辑终于收到了记者发来的传真.

When we again failed to get visas, we reluctantly went on a domestic (adj. 国内的, 境内的) journey as it had originally been planned. 当再一次未能取得签证(visa)时, 我们不情愿地按照原计划在国内旅行(go on a domestic journey).

Not only had the poor man (那个可怜的人) been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while (省略he was, 若强调过去的过去则用he had been) counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace (通往环绕总统府的15英尺高的墙).

not only ... but also

not only ... but ...

not only ... but ... as well 不但...而且...

(NCE3 - 59) This hobby (n. 业余爱好) educates one not only in the chosen subject (n. 科目, 主题), but also in general (adj. 普遍的) matters which have some bearing (n. 关系) on it. 这个业余爱好不但在选定的科目里对人们有教育意义, 而且也能从与之相关的普遍事情上获得长进.

(NCE3 - 10) At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments. 然而, 在那时泰坦尼克号不但是有史以来建造的最大的船只, 而且人们认为其是不会沉没的, 因为它有着16个密封舱.

部分倒装:

只把助动词、be动词(之前没有其他助动词)或情态动词置于主语之前.

1)否定词位于句首, 如 not only, not until, neither, nor, never, hardly, barely, scarcely, few, little, rarely, seldom, under no circumstances, in no way, ...

(NCE3 - 5) Not only (否定词位于句首) had (助动词) the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.

(NCE3 - 41) Nor (否定词位于句首) is (be动词) the city without its moments of beauty. 城市里也不是没有良辰美景.

(NCE3 - 37) Neither (否定词位于句首) was (be动词) I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the line. 火车走了几英里, 就在小站Widley停下了, 我对此并不感到惊讶.

Never (否定词位于句首) have (助动词) I seen such a good movie. 我以前从未看过如此好看的电影.

Not until (否定词位于句首) yesterday did (助动词) little John change his mind. 直到昨天小约翰才改变了主意.

Under no circumstances (否定词位于句首) should (情态动词) you lend Paul any money. 无论如何你也不能借给保罗钱.

2)”only + 状语” 位于句首

Only then (only + 状语) did (助动词) he realize that he was mistaken. 直到那时他才意识到过去他错了.

Only by working hard (only + 状语) can (助动词) we succeed in doing anything. 只有努力工作我们才能成功地完成任何事情.

Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother (only + 状语从句: 状语从句中不要倒装) will (助动词) it learn how to swim. 直到一只小海豹被妈妈推进大海后, 它才能学会如何游泳.

(NCE3 - 40) Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police (only + 状语) did (助动词) he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax. 直到他看到那两个工人确实在打电话报警时, 他才意识到他们都成为了一场恶作剧的受害者.

3)such, so, well, often, many a time等表示程度、频率的词位于句首

(NCE3 - 4) Such (表示程度的词such位于句首) is (助动词) human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers. 许多人常常乐意牺牲更高的收入来换取成为白领工人的好处, 此乃人之常情.

(NCE3 - 46) So (表示程度的词so位于句首) great is (助动词) our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour. 我们自己动手做事的热情是如此之高, 以至于我们对专业工人的依赖度越来越低.

Well (表示程度的词well位于句首) did (助动词) I know him and well (表示程度的词well位于句首) did (助动词) he know me. 我们很了解彼此.

Often (表示频率的词often位于句首) did (助动词) it snow there. 那里经常下雪.

Many a time (表示频率的词many a time位于句首) has (助动词) he given me good advice. 他经常给予我好的建议.

Not only did several people complain of ‘cat-like noises’ at night, but a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree as well. 不但有几个人抱怨说在夜里听见了”像猫一样的噪音”, 而且一位钓鱼途中的商人还看见那只美洲狮在树上.

状语从句的省略:

状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件:

1. 状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,
2. 状语从句的谓语包含be动词,

则可同时省略状语从句的主语和其后的be动词.

Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled. 金属热胀冷缩.

Francis Preston Blair Jr. (父子同名, 儿子后加Jr., 父亲后加Sr.), although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced (practice v. 医生或律师拿着执照工作) in Missouri. 小Francis Preston Blair尽管在肯塔基州出生, 但他在密苏里州生活和工作.