OpenGL 坐标变换

参考资料：

• 正射投影：https://www.cnblogs.com/hackpig/p/5790379.html
• 透射投影：https://blog.csdn.net/linuxheik/article/details/78969526

坐标变换

在顶点着色器定义一个顶点变换矩阵，与输入的顶点向量相乘，得到新的顶点位置

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;

out vec2 TexCoord;

uniform mat4 transform;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = transform * vec4(aPos, 1.0f);
    TexCoord = vec2(aTexCoord.x, 1.0 - aTexCoord.y);
}

其中uniform mat4 transform 就是一个全局变换矩阵，它可以用glm库函数来赋值：

// create transformations
        glm::mat4 transform = glm::mat4(1.0f); // make sure to initialize matrix to identity matrix first
        transform = glm::translate(transform, glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f));
        transform = glm::rotate(transform, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

        // get matrix's uniform location and set matrix
        ourShader.use();
        unsigned int transformLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "transform");
        glUniformMatrix4fv(transformLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(transform));

坐标空间

OpenGL一共有5个坐标系，通过5个坐标系的变换，将一个物体的局部坐标下的形状最终变换到屏幕坐标下。这几个坐标系都有明确的物理含义：

其中需要注意以下裁剪坐标：
裁剪坐标有两种方式正射投影和透视投影，透视投影能模仿人眼看远方的效果但是正射投影不能。正射投影将一个长方体裁剪区映射到设备坐标，但是透视投影将一个视椎体区域映射到设备坐标。
放两张图，具体原理可以看上面参考资料：
正视投影

透视投影

坐标空间变换代码：

#version 330 core 
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;

out vec2 TexCoord;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
	gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0f);
	TexCoord = vec2(aTexCoord.x, aTexCoord.y);
}```
/注/意矩阵相乘的顺序

```cpp
glm::mat4 model         = glm::mat4(1.0f); // make sure to initialize matrix to identity matrix first
        glm::mat4 view          = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        glm::mat4 projection    = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
        view  = glm::translate(view, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f));
        projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        // retrieve the matrix uniform locations
        unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
        unsigned int viewLoc  = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");
        // pass them to the shaders (3 different ways)
        glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);
        // note: currently we set the projection matrix each frame, but since the projection matrix rarely changes it's often best practice to set it outside the main loop only once.
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);

其它

通过使用不同的空间坐标系，在屏幕上展现多个同一张图像

glBindVertexArray(VAO);
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
  glm::mat4 model;
  model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
  float angle = 20.0f * i; 
  model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
  ourShader.setMat4("model", model);

  glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}