复数
z = x + i y z=x+iy z=x+iy所对应 O z ‾ \overline{Oz} Oz满足 tan θ = y x \tan\theta=\frac{y}{x} tanθ=xy
θ = A r g z , − π < a r g z ≤ π \theta=Argz,-\pi<argz\leq\pi θ=Argz,−π<argz≤π为主辐角
对于非零复数 z = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) z=r(\cos\theta + i\sin\theta) z=r(cosθ+isinθ)
Euler公式
e i θ : = cos θ + i sin θ e^{i\theta}:=\cos\theta+i\sin\theta eiθ:=cosθ+isinθ
z = r e i θ , θ ∈ A r g z . z=re^{i\theta},\theta\in Arg z. z=reiθ,θ∈Argz.
Example
把复数 1 − cos φ + i sin φ ( 0 < φ ≤ π ) 1-\cos \varphi+i \sin \varphi(0<\varphi \leq \pi) 1−cosφ+isinφ(0<φ≤π)化为指数形式（ e i θ : = cos θ + i sin θ e^{i\theta}:=\cos\theta+i\sin\theta eiθ:=cosθ+isinθ）！！ i sin θ i\sin\theta isinθ
1 − cos φ + i sin φ = 2 sin 2 φ 2 + 2 i sin φ 2 cos φ 2 = 2 sin φ 2 ( sin φ 2 + i cos φ 2 ) = 2 sin φ 2 ( cos ( π 2 − φ 2 ) + + i sin ( π 2 − φ 2 ) ) = 2 sin φ 2 e i ( π 2 − φ 2 ) \begin{aligned} 1-\cos \varphi+i \sin \varphi &=2 \sin ^{2} \frac{\varphi}{2}+2 i \sin \frac{\varphi}{2} \cos \frac{\varphi}{2}=2 \sin \frac{\varphi}{2}\left(\sin \frac{\varphi}{2}+i \cos \frac{\varphi}{2}\right) \\ &=2 \sin \frac{\varphi}{2}\left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\varphi}{2}\right)++i \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\varphi}{2}\right)\right)=2 \sin \frac{\varphi}{2} e^{i\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\varphi}{2}\right)} \end{aligned} 1−cosφ+isinφ=2sin22φ+2isin2φcos2φ=2sin2φ(sin2φ+icos2φ)=2sin2φ(cos(2π−2φ)++isin(2π−2φ))=2sin2φei(2π−2φ)
Arg ( z 1 z 2 ) = Arg z 1 + Arg z 2 , Arg z 1 z 2 = Arg z 1 − Arg z 2 \operatorname{Arg}\left(z_{1} z_{2}\right)=\operatorname{Arg} z_{1}+\operatorname{Arg} z_{2}, \operatorname{Arg} \frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}=\operatorname{Arg} z_{1}-\operatorname{Arg} z_{2} Arg(z1z2)=Argz1+Argz2,Argz2z1=Argz1−Argz2
De Moivre公式：
( cos θ + i sin θ ) n = cos n θ + i sin n θ (\cos \theta+i \sin \theta)^{n}=\cos n \theta+i \sin n \theta (cosθ+isinθ)n=cosnθ+isinnθ
z n = r n e i n θ = r n ( cos n θ + i sin n θ ) z^{n}=r^{n} e^{i n \theta}=r^{n}(\cos n \theta+i \sin n \theta) zn=rneinθ=rn(cosnθ+isinnθ)
Example
cos 3 θ , sin 3 θ \cos3\theta,\sin3\theta cos3θ,sin3θ利用 cos θ , sin θ \cos\theta,\sin\theta cosθ,sinθ来表示
cos 3 θ + i sin 3 θ = ( cos θ + i sin θ ) 3 = cos 3 θ + 3 i cos 2 θ sin θ − 3 cos θ sin 2 θ − i sin 3 θ \cos 3 \theta+i \sin 3 \theta=(\cos \theta+i \sin \theta)^{3}=\cos ^{3} \theta+3 i \cos ^{2} \theta \sin \theta-3 \cos \theta \sin ^{2} \theta-i \sin ^{3} \theta cos3θ+isin3θ=(cosθ+isinθ)3=cos3θ+3icos2θsinθ−3cosθsin2θ−isin3θ
Def：
z n : = { w ∈ C , w n = z } \sqrt[n]{z}:=\left\{w \in \mathbb{C}, w^{n}=z\right\} nz:={w∈C,wn=z}
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\quad \quad \sqrt[n]{z}=\left\{w_{k}, k=0, \ldots, n-1\right\}
nz={wk,k=0,…,n−1}
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w_{k}=\sqrt[n]{r} e^{i \frac{\theta+2 k \pi}{n}}
wk=nreinθ+2kπ
∣ z ∣ 2 = z z ˉ , |z|^{2}=z \bar{z}, ∣z∣2=zzˉ, Re z = z + z ˉ 2 , Im z = z − z ˉ 2 i z=\frac{z+\bar{z}}{2}, \operatorname{Im} z=\frac{z-\bar{z}}{2 i} z=2z+zˉ,Imz=2iz−zˉ
复平面上的点集
点 z 0 z_0 z0的 ρ \rho ρ邻域： N ρ ( z 0 ) = { z ∈ C , ∣ z − z 0 ∣ ≤ ρ } N_{\rho}\left(z_{0}\right)=\left\{z \in \mathbb{C},\left|z-z_{0}\right| \leq \rho\right\} Nρ(z0)={z∈C,∣z−z0∣≤ρ}
点 z 0 z_0 z0的去心 ρ \rho ρ邻域 N ρ ( z 0 ) − { z 0 } N_{\rho}\left(z_{0}\right)-\left\{z_{0}\right\} Nρ(z0)−{z0}
考虑点集 E E E,若平面上一点 z 0 z_0 z0的任何邻域
有界集E的直径
d ( E ) = sup { ∣ z − z ′ ∣ ∣ z , z ′ ∈ E } d(E)=\sup \left\{\left|z-z^{\prime}\right| | z, z^{\prime} \in E\right\} d(E)=sup{∣z−z′∣∣z,z′∈E}
B o l z a n o − W e i e r s t r a s s Bolzano-Weierstrass Bolzano−Weierstrass定理
每一个有界无穷点集有聚点
C a n t o r Cantor Cantor定理
F n + 1 ⊂ F n , lim n → ∞ d ( F n ) = 0 F_{n+1} \subset F_{n}, \lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} d\left(F_{n}\right)=0 Fn+1⊂Fn,n→∞limd(Fn)=0
有限覆盖定理
有界闭集的任何开覆盖存在有限子覆盖
简单曲线
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\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x=x(t)} \\ {y=y(t)}\end{array}(\alpha \leq t \leq \beta)\right.
{x=x(t)y=y(t)(α≤t≤β)
Jordan定理：
解析函数
处处连续处处不可微：
f ( z ) = z ˉ , Re z , Im z , ∣ z ∣ f(z)=\bar{z}, \operatorname{Re} z, \operatorname{Im} z,|z| f(z)=zˉ,Rez,Imz,∣z∣
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