相机已经存在很长很长时间了。然而，随着20世纪末廉价针孔相机的出现，针孔相机在我们的日常生活中司空见惯。不幸的是，这种廉价是有代价的:严重的扭曲。幸运的是，这些都是常量，通过标定和一些重新映射，我们可以纠正这一点。此外，通过标定，还可以确定相机的自然单位(像素)和现实单位(例如毫米)之间的关系。
1.理论
对于畸变，OpenCV考虑了径向和切向畸变。
对于径向畸变，采用以下公式:
x
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
d
=
x
(
1
+
k
1
r
2
+
k
2
r
4
+
k
3
r
6
)
y
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
d
=
y
(
1
+
k
1
r
2
+
k
2
r
4
+
k
3
r
6
)
x_{distorted}=x(1+k_1r^2+k_2r^4+k_3r^6) \\ y_{distorted}=y(1+k_1r^2+k_2r^4+k_3r^6)
xdistorted=x(1+k1r2+k2r4+k3r6)ydistorted=y(1+k1r2+k2r4+k3r6)
因此，对于一个未扭曲的像素点(x,y)，它在扭曲图像上的位置将是(
x
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
d
,
x
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
d
x_{distorted}, x_{distorted}
xdistorted,xdistorted)。径向畸变的存在表现为“桶”或“鱼眼”效应。
切向畸变的发生是由于透镜与成像平面并非完全平行。它可以用公式表示:
x
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
d
=
x
+
[
2
p
1
x
y
+
p
2
(
r
2
+
2
x
2
)
y
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
d
=
y
+
[
2
p
2
x
y
+
p
2
(
r
2
+
2
y
2
)
x_{distorted}=x + [2p_1xy + p_2(r^2+2x^2) \\ y_{distorted}=y + [2p_2xy + p_2(r^2+2y^2)
xdistorted=x+[2p1xy+p2(r2+2x2)ydistorted=y+[2p2xy+p2(r2+2y2)
所以我们有5个畸变参数，在OpenCV中表现为一个5列的行矩阵:distortion_coefficients=(k1 k2 p1 p2 k3)
现在，对于单位转换，我们使用以下公式:
[
x
y
w
]
=
[
f
x
0
c
x
0
f
y
c
y
0
0
1
]
[
X
Y
Z
]
\left[ \begin{matrix} x \\ y \\ w \end{matrix} \right] = \left[ \begin{matrix} f_x & 0 & c_x\\ 0 & f_y & c_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix} X \\ Y \\ Z \end{matrix} \right]
xyw
=
fx000fy0cxcy1
XYZ
这里
w
w
w的存在是用单应性坐标系(
w
=
Z
w=Z
w=Z)来解释的。未知的参数是
f
x
f_x
fx和
f
y
f_y
fy(相机焦距)和
(
c
x
,
c
y
)
(c_x,c_y)
(cx,cy)，它们是用像素坐标表示的光学中心。如果两个轴都有一个共同的焦距和一个给定的纵横比(通常是1)，那么
f
y
=
f
x
∗
a
f_y=f_x∗a
fy=fx∗a，在上面的公式中，我们将有一个单一的焦距
f
f
f。包含这四个参数的矩阵称为摄像机矩阵。尽管无论使用何种相机分辨率，失真系数都是相同的，但这些系数应与标定分辨率的当前分辨率一起缩放。
确定这两个矩阵的过程就是标定。这些参数的计算是通过基本几何方程来完成的。所用的方程取决于所选择的标定对象。目前OpenCV支持三种（不止三种）类型的对象进行标定:
- 经典的黑白棋盘
- 对称圆形图案
- 不对称圆形图案
基本上，你需要用你的相机拍下这些标定模式的快照，然后让OpenCV找到它们。每一个发现的模式都会产生一个新的等式。要解这个方程，至少需要预定数量的模式快照来形成一个适定的方程系统。这个数字在棋盘图案中更高，在圆形图案中更低。例如，理论上棋盘图案需要至少两次快照。然而，在实际操作中，我们的输入图像中存在大量的噪声，因此为了获得好的结果，您可能需要至少10个输入模式的良好快照。
2.目标
示例应用程序将:
- 确定失真矩阵
- 确定摄像机矩阵
- 从相机，视频和图像文件列表中获取输入
- 从XML/YAML文件读取配置
- 将结果保存到XML/YAML文件中
- 计算重投影误差
3.源代码
你也可以在OpenCV源代码库的samples/cpp/tutorial_code/calib3d/camera_calibration/文件夹中找到源代码，或者从这里下载。对于程序的使用，请使用-h参数运行它。程序有一个基本的参数:它的配置文件的名称。如果没有给出，那么它将尝试打开名为“default.xml”的文件。下面是一个XML格式的配置文件示例。在配置文件中，您可以选择使用相机，视频文件或图像列表作为输入。如果选择最后一个，则需要创建一个枚举的配置文件，如文件所示。需要记住的是，需要使用应用程序工作目录中的绝对路径或相对路径指定图像地址。您可以在上面提到的samples目录中找到所有这些内容。
应用程序启动时从配置文件读取设置。虽然，这是一个重要的部分，它与本教程的主题无关:相机标定。因此，我选择不在这里发布该部分的代码。关于如何做到这一点的技术背景，可以在使用XML和YAML文件的文件输入和输出教程中找到。
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdio>
#include <opencv2/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/core/utility.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/calib3d.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp>
#include <opencv2/videoio.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui.hpp>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
class Settings
{
public:
Settings() : goodInput(false) {}
enum Pattern { NOT_EXISTING, CHESSBOARD, CIRCLES_GRID, ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID };
enum InputType { INVALID, CAMERA, VIDEO_FILE, IMAGE_LIST };
void write(FileStorage& fs) const //Write serialization for this class
{
fs << "{"
<< "BoardSize_Width" << boardSize.width
<< "BoardSize_Height" << boardSize.height
<< "Square_Size" << squareSize
<< "Calibrate_Pattern" << patternToUse
<< "Calibrate_NrOfFrameToUse" << nrFrames
<< "Calibrate_FixAspectRatio" << aspectRatio
<< "Calibrate_AssumeZeroTangentialDistortion" << calibZeroTangentDist
<< "Calibrate_FixPrincipalPointAtTheCenter" << calibFixPrincipalPoint
<< "Write_DetectedFeaturePoints" << writePoints
<< "Write_extrinsicParameters" << writeExtrinsics
<< "Write_gridPoints" << writeGrid
<< "Write_outputFileName" << outputFileName
<< "Show_UndistortedImage" << showUndistorted
<< "Input_FlipAroundHorizontalAxis" << flipVertical
<< "Input_Delay" << delay
<< "Input" << input
<< "}";
}
void read(const FileNode& node) //Read serialization for this class
{
node["BoardSize_Width" ] >> boardSize.width;
node["BoardSize_Height"] >> boardSize.height;
node["Calibrate_Pattern"] >> patternToUse;
node["Square_Size"] >> squareSize;
node["Calibrate_NrOfFrameToUse"] >> nrFrames;
node["Calibrate_FixAspectRatio"] >> aspectRatio;
node["Write_DetectedFeaturePoints"] >> writePoints;
node["Write_extrinsicParameters"] >> writeExtrinsics;
node["Write_gridPoints"] >> writeGrid;
node["Write_outputFileName"] >> outputFileName;
node["Calibrate_AssumeZeroTangentialDistortion"] >> calibZeroTangentDist;
node["Calibrate_FixPrincipalPointAtTheCenter"] >> calibFixPrincipalPoint;
node["Calibrate_UseFisheyeModel"] >> useFisheye;
node["Input_FlipAroundHorizontalAxis"] >> flipVertical;
node["Show_UndistortedImage"] >> showUndistorted;
node["Input"] >> input;
node["Input_Delay"] >> delay;
node["Fix_K1"] >> fixK1;
node["Fix_K2"] >> fixK2;
node["Fix_K3"] >> fixK3;
node["Fix_K4"] >> fixK4;
node["Fix_K5"] >> fixK5;
validate();
}
void validate()
{
goodInput = true;
if (boardSize.width <= 0 || boardSize.height <= 0)
{
cerr << "Invalid Board size: " << boardSize.width << " " << boardSize.height << endl;
goodInput = false;
}
if (squareSize <= 10e-6)
{
cerr << "Invalid square size " << squareSize << endl;
goodInput = false;
}
if (nrFrames <= 0)
{
cerr << "Invalid number of frames " << nrFrames << endl;
goodInput = false;
}
if (input.empty()) // Check for valid input
inputType = INVALID;
else
{
if (input[0] >= '0' && input[0] <= '9')
{
stringstream ss(input);
ss >> cameraID;
inputType = CAMERA;
}
else
{
if (isListOfImages(input) && readStringList(input, imageList))
{
inputType = IMAGE_LIST;
nrFrames = (nrFrames < (int)imageList.size()) ? nrFrames : (int)imageList.size();
}
else
inputType = VIDEO_FILE;
}
if (inputType == CAMERA)
inputCapture.open(cameraID);
if (inputType == VIDEO_FILE)
inputCapture.open(input);
if (inputType != IMAGE_LIST && !inputCapture.isOpened())
inputType = INVALID;
}
if (inputType == INVALID)
{
cerr << " Input does not exist: " << input;
goodInput = false;
}
flag = 0;
if(calibFixPrincipalPoint) flag |= CALIB_FIX_PRINCIPAL_POINT;
if(calibZeroTangentDist) flag |= CALIB_ZERO_TANGENT_DIST;
if(aspectRatio) flag |= CALIB_FIX_ASPECT_RATIO;
if(fixK1) flag |= CALIB_FIX_K1;
if(fixK2) flag |= CALIB_FIX_K2;
if(fixK3) flag |= CALIB_FIX_K3;
if(fixK4) flag |= CALIB_FIX_K4;
if(fixK5) flag |= CALIB_FIX_K5;
if (useFisheye) {
// the fisheye model has its own enum, so overwrite the flags
flag = fisheye::CALIB_FIX_SKEW | fisheye::CALIB_RECOMPUTE_EXTRINSIC;
if(fixK1) flag |= fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K1;
if(fixK2) flag |= fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K2;
if(fixK3) flag |= fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K3;
if(fixK4) flag |= fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K4;
if (calibFixPrincipalPoint) flag |= fisheye::CALIB_FIX_PRINCIPAL_POINT;
}
calibrationPattern = NOT_EXISTING;
if (!patternToUse.compare("CHESSBOARD")) calibrationPattern = CHESSBOARD;
if (!patternToUse.compare("CIRCLES_GRID")) calibrationPattern = CIRCLES_GRID;
if (!patternToUse.compare("ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID")) calibrationPattern = ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID;
if (calibrationPattern == NOT_EXISTING)
{
cerr << " Camera calibration mode does not exist: " << patternToUse << endl;
goodInput = false;
}
atImageList = 0;
}
Mat nextImage()
{
Mat result;
if( inputCapture.isOpened() )
{
Mat view0;
inputCapture >> view0;
view0.copyTo(result);
}
else if( atImageList < imageList.size() )
result = imread(imageList[atImageList++], IMREAD_COLOR);
return result;
}
static bool readStringList( const string& filename, vector<string>& l )
{
l.clear();
FileStorage fs(filename, FileStorage::READ);
if( !fs.isOpened() )
return false;
FileNode n = fs.getFirstTopLevelNode();
if( n.type() != FileNode::SEQ )
return false;
FileNodeIterator it = n.begin(), it_end = n.end();
for( ; it != it_end; ++it )
l.push_back((string)*it);
return true;
}
static bool isListOfImages( const string& filename)
{
string s(filename);
// Look for file extension
if( s.find(".xml") == string::npos && s.find(".yaml") == string::npos && s.find(".yml") == string::npos )
return false;
else
return true;
}
public:
Size boardSize; // The size of the board -> Number of items by width and height
Pattern calibrationPattern; // One of the Chessboard, circles, or asymmetric circle pattern
float squareSize; // The size of a square in your defined unit (point, millimeter,etc).
int nrFrames; // The number of frames to use from the input for calibration
float aspectRatio; // The aspect ratio
int delay; // In case of a video input
bool writePoints; // Write detected feature points
bool writeExtrinsics; // Write extrinsic parameters
bool writeGrid; // Write refined 3D target grid points
bool calibZeroTangentDist; // Assume zero tangential distortion
bool calibFixPrincipalPoint; // Fix the principal point at the center
bool flipVertical; // Flip the captured images around the horizontal axis
string outputFileName; // The name of the file where to write
bool showUndistorted; // Show undistorted images after calibration
string input; // The input ->
bool useFisheye; // use fisheye camera model for calibration
bool fixK1; // fix K1 distortion coefficient
bool fixK2; // fix K2 distortion coefficient
bool fixK3; // fix K3 distortion coefficient
bool fixK4; // fix K4 distortion coefficient
bool fixK5; // fix K5 distortion coefficient
int cameraID;
vector<string> imageList;
size_t atImageList;
VideoCapture inputCapture;
InputType inputType;
bool goodInput;
int flag;
private:
string patternToUse;
};
static inline void read(const FileNode& node, Settings& x, const Settings& default_value = Settings())
{
if(node.empty())
x = default_value;
else
x.read(node);
}
enum { DETECTION = 0, CAPTURING = 1, CALIBRATED = 2 };
bool runCalibrationAndSave(Settings& s, Size imageSize, Mat& cameraMatrix, Mat& distCoeffs,
vector<vector<Point2f> > imagePoints, float grid_width, bool release_object);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
const String keys
= "{help h usage ? | | print this message }"
"{@settings |default.xml| input setting file }"
"{d | | actual distance between top-left and top-right corners of "
"the calibration grid }"
"{winSize | 11 | Half of search window for cornerSubPix }";
CommandLineParser parser(argc, argv, keys);
parser.about("This is a camera calibration sample.\n"
"Usage: camera_calibration [configuration_file -- default ./default.xml]\n"
"Near the sample file you'll find the configuration file, which has detailed help of "
"how to edit it. It may be any OpenCV supported file format XML/YAML.");
if (!parser.check()) {
parser.printErrors();
return 0;
}
if (parser.has("help")) {
parser.printMessage();
return 0;
}
//! [file_read]
Settings s;
const string inputSettingsFile = parser.get<string>(0);
FileStorage fs(inputSettingsFile, FileStorage::READ); // Read the settings
if (!fs.isOpened())
{
cout << "Could not open the configuration file: \"" << inputSettingsFile << "\"" << endl;
parser.printMessage();
return -1;
}
fs["Settings"] >> s;
fs.release(); // close Settings file
//! [file_read]
//FileStorage fout("settings.yml", FileStorage::WRITE); // write config as YAML
//fout << "Settings" << s;
if (!s.goodInput)
{
cout << "Invalid input detected. Application stopping. " << endl;
return -1;
}
int winSize = parser.get<int>("winSize");
float grid_width = s.squareSize * (s.boardSize.width - 1);
bool release_object = false;
if (parser.has("d")) {
grid_width = parser.get<float>("d");
release_object = true;
}
vector<vector<Point2f> > imagePoints;
Mat cameraMatrix, distCoeffs;
Size imageSize;
int mode = s.inputType == Settings::IMAGE_LIST ? CAPTURING : DETECTION;
clock_t prevTimestamp = 0;
const Scalar RED(0,0,255), GREEN(0,255,0);
const char ESC_KEY = 27;
//! [get_input]
for(;;)
{
Mat view;
bool blinkOutput = false;
view = s.nextImage();
//----- If no more image, or got enough, then stop calibration and show result -------------
if( mode == CAPTURING && imagePoints.size() >= (size_t)s.nrFrames )
{
if(runCalibrationAndSave(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints, grid_width,
release_object))
mode = CALIBRATED;
else
mode = DETECTION;
}
if(view.empty()) // If there are no more images stop the loop
{
// if calibration threshold was not reached yet, calibrate now
if( mode != CALIBRATED && !imagePoints.empty() )
runCalibrationAndSave(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints, grid_width,
release_object);
break;
}
//! [get_input]
imageSize = view.size(); // Format input image.
if( s.flipVertical ) flip( view, view, 0 );
//! [find_pattern]
vector<Point2f> pointBuf;
bool found;
int chessBoardFlags = CALIB_CB_ADAPTIVE_THRESH | CALIB_CB_NORMALIZE_IMAGE;
if(!s.useFisheye) {
// fast check erroneously fails with high distortions like fisheye
chessBoardFlags |= CALIB_CB_FAST_CHECK;
}
switch( s.calibrationPattern ) // Find feature points on the input format
{
case Settings::CHESSBOARD:
found = findChessboardCorners( view, s.boardSize, pointBuf, chessBoardFlags);
break;
case Settings::CIRCLES_GRID:
found = findCirclesGrid( view, s.boardSize, pointBuf );
break;
case Settings::ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID:
found = findCirclesGrid( view, s.boardSize, pointBuf, CALIB_CB_ASYMMETRIC_GRID );
break;
default:
found = false;
break;
}
//! [find_pattern]
//! [pattern_found]
if ( found) // If done with success,
{
// improve the found corners' coordinate accuracy for chessboard
if( s.calibrationPattern == Settings::CHESSBOARD)
{
Mat viewGray;
cvtColor(view, viewGray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
cornerSubPix( viewGray, pointBuf, Size(winSize,winSize),
Size(-1,-1), TermCriteria( TermCriteria::EPS+TermCriteria::COUNT, 30, 0.0001 ));
}
if( mode == CAPTURING && // For camera only take new samples after delay time
(!s.inputCapture.isOpened() || clock() - prevTimestamp > s.delay*1e-3*CLOCKS_PER_SEC) )
{
imagePoints.push_back(pointBuf);
prevTimestamp = clock();
blinkOutput = s.inputCapture.isOpened();
}
// Draw the corners.
drawChessboardCorners( view, s.boardSize, Mat(pointBuf), found );
}
//! [pattern_found]
//----------------------------- Output Text ------------------------------------------------
//! [output_text]
string msg = (mode == CAPTURING) ? "100/100" :
mode == CALIBRATED ? "Calibrated" : "Press 'g' to start";
int baseLine = 0;
Size textSize = getTextSize(msg, 1, 1, 1, &baseLine);
Point textOrigin(view.cols - 2*textSize.width - 10, view.rows - 2*baseLine - 10);
if( mode == CAPTURING )
{
if(s.showUndistorted)
msg = cv::format( "%d/%d Undist", (int)imagePoints.size(), s.nrFrames );
else
msg = cv::format( "%d/%d", (int)imagePoints.size(), s.nrFrames );
}
putText( view, msg, textOrigin, 1, 1, mode == CALIBRATED ? GREEN : RED);
if( blinkOutput )
bitwise_not(view, view);
//! [output_text]
//------------------------- Video capture output undistorted ------------------------------
//! [output_undistorted]
if( mode == CALIBRATED && s.showUndistorted )
{
Mat temp = view.clone();
if (s.useFisheye)
{
Mat newCamMat;
fisheye::estimateNewCameraMatrixForUndistortRectify(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imageSize,
Matx33d::eye(), newCamMat, 1);
cv::fisheye::undistortImage(temp, view, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, newCamMat);
}
else
undistort(temp, view, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs);
}
//! [output_undistorted]
//------------------------------ Show image and check for input commands -------------------
//! [await_input]
imshow("Image View", view);
char key = (char)waitKey(s.inputCapture.isOpened() ? 50 : s.delay);
if( key == ESC_KEY )
break;
if( key == 'u' && mode == CALIBRATED )
s.showUndistorted = !s.showUndistorted;
if( s.inputCapture.isOpened() && key == 'g' )
{
mode = CAPTURING;
imagePoints.clear();
}
//! [await_input]
}
// -----------------------Show the undistorted image for the image list ------------------------
//! [show_results]
if( s.inputType == Settings::IMAGE_LIST && s.showUndistorted && !cameraMatrix.empty())
{
Mat view, rview, map1, map2;
if (s.useFisheye)
{
Mat newCamMat;
fisheye::estimateNewCameraMatrixForUndistortRectify(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imageSize,
Matx33d::eye(), newCamMat, 1);
fisheye::initUndistortRectifyMap(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, Matx33d::eye(), newCamMat, imageSize,
CV_16SC2, map1, map2);
}
else
{
initUndistortRectifyMap(
cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, Mat(),
getOptimalNewCameraMatrix(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imageSize, 1, imageSize, 0), imageSize,
CV_16SC2, map1, map2);
}
for(size_t i = 0; i < s.imageList.size(); i++ )
{
view = imread(s.imageList[i], IMREAD_COLOR);
if(view.empty())
continue;
remap(view, rview, map1, map2, INTER_LINEAR);
imshow("Image View", rview);
char c = (char)waitKey();
if( c == ESC_KEY || c == 'q' || c == 'Q' )
break;
}
}
//! [show_results]
return 0;
}
//! [compute_errors]
static double computeReprojectionErrors( const vector<vector<Point3f> >& objectPoints,
const vector<vector<Point2f> >& imagePoints,
const vector<Mat>& rvecs, const vector<Mat>& tvecs,
const Mat& cameraMatrix , const Mat& distCoeffs,
vector<float>& perViewErrors, bool fisheye)
{
vector<Point2f> imagePoints2;
size_t totalPoints = 0;
double totalErr = 0, err;
perViewErrors.resize(objectPoints.size());
for(size_t i = 0; i < objectPoints.size(); ++i )
{
if (fisheye)
{
fisheye::projectPoints(objectPoints[i], imagePoints2, rvecs[i], tvecs[i], cameraMatrix,
distCoeffs);
}
else
{
projectPoints(objectPoints[i], rvecs[i], tvecs[i], cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints2);
}
err = norm(imagePoints[i], imagePoints2, NORM_L2);
size_t n = objectPoints[i].size();
perViewErrors[i] = (float) std::sqrt(err*err/n);
totalErr += err*err;
totalPoints += n;
}
return std::sqrt(totalErr/totalPoints);
}
//! [compute_errors]
//! [board_corners]
static void calcBoardCornerPositions(Size boardSize, float squareSize, vector<Point3f>& corners,
Settings::Pattern patternType /*= Settings::CHESSBOARD*/)
{
corners.clear();
switch(patternType)
{
case Settings::CHESSBOARD:
case Settings::CIRCLES_GRID:
for( int i = 0; i < boardSize.height; ++i )
for( int j = 0; j < boardSize.width; ++j )
corners.push_back(Point3f(j*squareSize, i*squareSize, 0));
break;
case Settings::ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID:
for( int i = 0; i < boardSize.height; i++ )
for( int j = 0; j < boardSize.width; j++ )
corners.push_back(Point3f((2*j + i % 2)*squareSize, i*squareSize, 0));
break;
default:
break;
}
}
//! [board_corners]
static bool runCalibration( Settings& s, Size& imageSize, Mat& cameraMatrix, Mat& distCoeffs,
vector<vector<Point2f> > imagePoints, vector<Mat>& rvecs, vector<Mat>& tvecs,
vector<float>& reprojErrs, double& totalAvgErr, vector<Point3f>& newObjPoints,
float grid_width, bool release_object)
{
//! [fixed_aspect]
cameraMatrix = Mat::eye(3, 3, CV_64F);
if( !s.useFisheye && s.flag & CALIB_FIX_ASPECT_RATIO )
cameraMatrix.at<double>(0,0) = s.aspectRatio;
//! [fixed_aspect]
if (s.useFisheye) {
distCoeffs = Mat::zeros(4, 1, CV_64F);
} else {
distCoeffs = Mat::zeros(8, 1, CV_64F);
}
vector<vector<Point3f> > objectPoints(1);
calcBoardCornerPositions(s.boardSize, s.squareSize, objectPoints[0], s.calibrationPattern);
objectPoints[0][s.boardSize.width - 1].x = objectPoints[0][0].x + grid_width;
newObjPoints = objectPoints[0];
objectPoints.resize(imagePoints.size(),objectPoints[0]);
//Find intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters
double rms;
if (s.useFisheye) {
Mat _rvecs, _tvecs;
rms = fisheye::calibrate(objectPoints, imagePoints, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, _rvecs,
_tvecs, s.flag);
rvecs.reserve(_rvecs.rows);
tvecs.reserve(_tvecs.rows);
for(int i = 0; i < int(objectPoints.size()); i++){
rvecs.push_back(_rvecs.row(i));
tvecs.push_back(_tvecs.row(i));
}
} else {
int iFixedPoint = -1;
if (release_object)
iFixedPoint = s.boardSize.width - 1;
rms = calibrateCameraRO(objectPoints, imagePoints, imageSize, iFixedPoint,
cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, rvecs, tvecs, newObjPoints,
s.flag | CALIB_USE_LU);
}
if (release_object) {
cout << "New board corners: " << endl;
cout << newObjPoints[0] << endl;
cout << newObjPoints[s.boardSize.width - 1] << endl;
cout << newObjPoints[s.boardSize.width * (s.boardSize.height - 1)] << endl;
cout << newObjPoints.back() << endl;
}
cout << "Re-projection error reported by calibrateCamera: "<< rms << endl;
bool ok = checkRange(cameraMatrix) && checkRange(distCoeffs);
objectPoints.clear();
objectPoints.resize(imagePoints.size(), newObjPoints);
totalAvgErr = computeReprojectionErrors(objectPoints, imagePoints, rvecs, tvecs, cameraMatrix,
distCoeffs, reprojErrs, s.useFisheye);
return ok;
}
// Print camera parameters to the output file
static void saveCameraParams( Settings& s, Size& imageSize, Mat& cameraMatrix, Mat& distCoeffs,
const vector<Mat>& rvecs, const vector<Mat>& tvecs,
const vector<float>& reprojErrs, const vector<vector<Point2f> >& imagePoints,
double totalAvgErr, const vector<Point3f>& newObjPoints )
{
FileStorage fs( s.outputFileName, FileStorage::WRITE );
time_t tm;
time( &tm );
struct tm *t2 = localtime( &tm );
char buf[1024];
strftime( buf, sizeof(buf), "%c", t2 );
fs << "calibration_time" << buf;
if( !rvecs.empty() || !reprojErrs.empty() )
fs << "nr_of_frames" << (int)std::max(rvecs.size(), reprojErrs.size());
fs << "image_width" << imageSize.width;
fs << "image_height" << imageSize.height;
fs << "board_width" << s.boardSize.width;
fs << "board_height" << s.boardSize.height;
fs << "square_size" << s.squareSize;
if( !s.useFisheye && s.flag & CALIB_FIX_ASPECT_RATIO )
fs << "fix_aspect_ratio" << s.aspectRatio;
if (s.flag)
{
std::stringstream flagsStringStream;
if (s.useFisheye)
{
flagsStringStream << "flags:"
<< (s.flag & fisheye::CALIB_FIX_SKEW ? " +fix_skew" : "")
<< (s.flag & fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K1 ? " +fix_k1" : "")
<< (s.flag & fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K2 ? " +fix_k2" : "")
<< (s.flag & fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K3 ? " +fix_k3" : "")
<< (s.flag & fisheye::CALIB_FIX_K4 ? " +fix_k4" : "")
<< (s.flag & fisheye::CALIB_RECOMPUTE_EXTRINSIC ? " +recompute_extrinsic" : "");
}
else
{
flagsStringStream << "flags:"
<< (s.flag & CALIB_USE_INTRINSIC_GUESS ? " +use_intrinsic_guess" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_ASPECT_RATIO ? " +fix_aspectRatio" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_PRINCIPAL_POINT ? " +fix_principal_point" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_ZERO_TANGENT_DIST ? " +zero_tangent_dist" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_K1 ? " +fix_k1" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_K2 ? " +fix_k2" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_K3 ? " +fix_k3" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_K4 ? " +fix_k4" : "")
<< (s.flag & CALIB_FIX_K5 ? " +fix_k5" : "");
}
fs.writeComment(flagsStringStream.str());
}
fs << "flags" << s.flag;
fs << "fisheye_model" << s.useFisheye;
fs << "camera_matrix" << cameraMatrix;
fs << "distortion_coefficients" << distCoeffs;
fs << "avg_reprojection_error" << totalAvgErr;
if (s.writeExtrinsics && !reprojErrs.empty())
fs << "per_view_reprojection_errors" << Mat(reprojErrs);
if(s.writeExtrinsics && !rvecs.empty() && !tvecs.empty() )
{
CV_Assert(rvecs[0].type() == tvecs[0].type());
Mat bigmat((int)rvecs.size(), 6, CV_MAKETYPE(rvecs[0].type(), 1));
bool needReshapeR = rvecs[0].depth() != 1 ? true : false;
bool needReshapeT = tvecs[0].depth() != 1 ? true : false;
for( size_t i = 0; i < rvecs.size(); i++ )
{
Mat r = bigmat(Range(int(i), int(i+1)), Range(0,3));
Mat t = bigmat(Range(int(i), int(i+1)), Range(3,6));
if(needReshapeR)
rvecs[i].reshape(1, 1).copyTo(r);
else
{
//*.t() is MatExpr (not Mat) so we can use assignment operator
CV_Assert(rvecs[i].rows == 3 && rvecs[i].cols == 1);
r = rvecs[i].t();
}
if(needReshapeT)
tvecs[i].reshape(1, 1).copyTo(t);
else
{
CV_Assert(tvecs[i].rows == 3 && tvecs[i].cols == 1);
t = tvecs[i].t();
}
}
fs.writeComment("a set of 6-tuples (rotation vector + translation vector) for each view");
fs << "extrinsic_parameters" << bigmat;
}
if(s.writePoints && !imagePoints.empty() )
{
Mat imagePtMat((int)imagePoints.size(), (int)imagePoints[0].size(), CV_32FC2);
for( size_t i = 0; i < imagePoints.size(); i++ )
{
Mat r = imagePtMat.row(int(i)).reshape(2, imagePtMat.cols);
Mat imgpti(imagePoints[i]);
imgpti.copyTo(r);
}
fs << "image_points" << imagePtMat;
}
if( s.writeGrid && !newObjPoints.empty() )
{
fs << "grid_points" << newObjPoints;
}
}
//! [run_and_save]
bool runCalibrationAndSave(Settings& s, Size imageSize, Mat& cameraMatrix, Mat& distCoeffs,
vector<vector<Point2f> > imagePoints, float grid_width, bool release_object)
{
vector<Mat> rvecs, tvecs;
vector<float> reprojErrs;
double totalAvgErr = 0;
vector<Point3f> newObjPoints;
bool ok = runCalibration(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints, rvecs, tvecs, reprojErrs,
totalAvgErr, newObjPoints, grid_width, release_object);
cout << (ok ? "Calibration succeeded" : "Calibration failed")
<< ". avg re projection error = " << totalAvgErr << endl;
if (ok)
saveCameraParams(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, rvecs, tvecs, reprojErrs, imagePoints,
totalAvgErr, newObjPoints);
return ok;
}
4.源码解释
4.1读取配置文件
配置文件in_VID5.xml的内容如下，可以根据需要自己修改
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<opencv_storage>
<Settings>
<!-- Number of inner corners per a item row and column. (square, circle) -->
<BoardSize_Width> 9</BoardSize_Width>
<BoardSize_Height>6</BoardSize_Height>
<!-- The size of a square in some user defined metric system (pixel, millimeter)-->
<Square_Size>50</Square_Size>
<!-- The type of input used for camera calibration. One of: CHESSBOARD CIRCLES_GRID ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID -->
<Calibrate_Pattern>"CHESSBOARD"</Calibrate_Pattern>
<!-- The input to use for calibration.
To use an input camera -> give the ID of the camera, like "1"
To use an input video -> give the path of the input video, like "/tmp/x.avi"
To use an image list -> give the path to the XML or YAML file containing the list of the images, like "/tmp/circles_list.xml"
-->
<Input>"images/CameraCalibration/VID5/VID5.xml"</Input>
<!-- If true (non-zero) we flip the input images around the horizontal axis.-->
<Input_FlipAroundHorizontalAxis>0</Input_FlipAroundHorizontalAxis>
<!-- Time delay between frames in case of camera. -->
<Input_Delay>100</Input_Delay>
<!-- How many frames to use, for calibration. -->
<Calibrate_NrOfFrameToUse>25</Calibrate_NrOfFrameToUse>
<!-- Consider only fy as a free parameter, the ratio fx/fy stays the same as in the input cameraMatrix.
Use or not setting. 0 - False Non-Zero - True-->
<Calibrate_FixAspectRatio> 1 </Calibrate_FixAspectRatio>
<!-- If true (non-zero) tangential distortion coefficients are set to zeros and stay zero.-->
<Calibrate_AssumeZeroTangentialDistortion>1</Calibrate_AssumeZeroTangentialDistortion>
<!-- If true (non-zero) the principal point is not changed during the global optimization.-->
<Calibrate_FixPrincipalPointAtTheCenter> 1 </Calibrate_FixPrincipalPointAtTheCenter>
<!-- The name of the output log file. -->
<Write_outputFileName>"out_camera_data.xml"</Write_outputFileName>
<!-- If true (non-zero) we write to the output file the feature points.-->
<Write_DetectedFeaturePoints>1</Write_DetectedFeaturePoints>
<!-- If true (non-zero) we write to the output file the extrinsic camera parameters.-->
<Write_extrinsicParameters>1</Write_extrinsicParameters>
<!-- If true (non-zero) we write to the output file the refined 3D target grid points.-->
<Write_gridPoints>1</Write_gridPoints>
<!-- If true (non-zero) we show after calibration the undistorted images.-->
<Show_UndistortedImage>1</Show_UndistortedImage>
<!-- If true (non-zero) will be used fisheye camera model.-->
<Calibrate_UseFisheyeModel>0</Calibrate_UseFisheyeModel>
<!-- If true (non-zero) distortion coefficient k1 will be equals to zero.-->
<Fix_K1>0</Fix_K1>
<!-- If true (non-zero) distortion coefficient k2 will be equals to zero.-->
<Fix_K2>0</Fix_K2>
<!-- If true (non-zero) distortion coefficient k3 will be equals to zero.-->
<Fix_K3>0</Fix_K3>
<!-- If true (non-zero) distortion coefficient k4 will be equals to zero.-->
<Fix_K4>1</Fix_K4>
<!-- If true (non-zero) distortion coefficient k5 will be equals to zero.-->
<Fix_K5>1</Fix_K5>
</Settings>
</opencv_storage>
下面是读取in_VID5.xml文件的代码：
Settings s;
const string inputSettingsFile = parser.get<string>(0);
FileStorage fs(inputSettingsFile, FileStorage::READ); // Read the settings
if (!fs.isOpened())
{
cout << "Could not open the configuration file: \"" << inputSettingsFile << "\"" << endl;
parser.printMessage();
return -1;
}
fs["Settings"] >> s;
fs.release();
为此，我使用了简单的OpenCV类输入操作。在读取文件之后，我有一个额外的后处理函数来检查输入的有效性。只有当所有的输入都是好的输入变量才为真。
4.2得到下一个输入，如果它失败或我们有足够的参数-标定
在这之后，我们有一个大的循环，我们在其中执行以下操作:从图像列表、摄像机或视频文件中获取下一个图像。如果这失败或我们有足够的图像，然后我们运行标定过程。在图像的情况下，我们跳出循环，否则通过从检测模式更改为标定模式，剩余的帧将被用作去畸变（如果设置了该选项）。
for(;;)
{
Mat view;
bool blinkOutput = false;
view = s.nextImage();
//----- If no more image, or got enough, then stop calibration and show result -------------
if( mode == CAPTURING && imagePoints.size() >= (size_t)s.nrFrames )
{
if(runCalibrationAndSave(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints, grid_width, release_object))
mode = CALIBRATED;
else
mode = DETECTION;
}
if(view.empty()) // If there are no more images stop the loop
{
// if calibration threshold was not reached yet, calibrate now
if( mode != CALIBRATED && !imagePoints.empty() )
runCalibrationAndSave(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints, grid_width,
release_object);
break;
}
对于一些相机，我们可能需要翻转输入图像。在这里我们也这样做。
4.3 在当前输入中找到模式
我上面提到的方程式的形成是为了寻找输入中的主要模式:在棋盘中，这些模式是正方形的角，而对于圆形，也就是圆形本身。这些位置将形成被写入pointBuf向量的结果。
vector<Point2f> pointBuf;
bool found;
int chessBoardFlags = CALIB_CB_ADAPTIVE_THRESH | CALIB_CB_NORMALIZE_IMAGE;
if(!s.useFisheye) {
// fast check erroneously fails with high distortions like fisheye
chessBoardFlags |= CALIB_CB_FAST_CHECK;
}
switch( s.calibrationPattern ) // Find feature points on the input format
{
case Settings::CHESSBOARD:
found = findChessboardCorners( view, s.boardSize, pointBuf, chessBoardFlags);
break;
case Settings::CIRCLES_GRID:
found = findCirclesGrid( view, s.boardSize, pointBuf );
break;
case Settings::ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID:
found = findCirclesGrid( view, s.boardSize, pointBuf, CALIB_CB_ASYMMETRIC_GRID );
break;
default:
found = false;
break;
}
根据输入模式的类型，您可以使用cv::findChessboardCorners或cv::findCirclesGrid函数。对于这两个，你传递当前图像和标定板的大小，你就会得到图案的位置。此外，它们还返回一个布尔变量，表示是否在输入中找到了模式(我们只需要考虑那些为真的图像!)
在相机的情况下，我们只在经过一个输入延迟时间时拍摄相机图像。这样做是为了让用户移动棋盘，并获得不同的图像。相似的图像会产生相似的方程，在标定步骤上相似的方程会形成不适定问题，因此标定会失败。对于正方形图像，角的位置只是近似的。我们可以通过调用cv::cornerSubPix函数来改进这一点。winSize用于控制搜索窗口的边长。默认值为11。winSize可以通过命令行参数--winSize=<number>来更改。它将产生更好的标定结果。在这之后，我们向imagePoints向量添加一个有效的输入结果，以将所有等式收集到一个容器中。最后，为了可视化结果，我们将使用cv::findChessboardCorners函数在输入图像上绘制发现的点。
if ( found) // If done with success,
{
// improve the found corners' coordinate accuracy for chessboard
if( s.calibrationPattern == Settings::CHESSBOARD)
{
Mat viewGray;
cvtColor(view, viewGray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
cornerSubPix( viewGray, pointBuf, Size(winSize,winSize),
Size(-1,-1), TermCriteria( TermCriteria::EPS+TermCriteria::COUNT, 30, 0.0001 ));
}
if( mode == CAPTURING && // For camera only take new samples after delay time
(!s.inputCapture.isOpened() || clock() - prevTimestamp > s.delay*1e-3*CLOCKS_PER_SEC) )
{
imagePoints.push_back(pointBuf);
prevTimestamp = clock();
blinkOutput = s.inputCapture.isOpened();
}
// Draw the corners.
drawChessboardCorners( view, s.boardSize, Mat(pointBuf), found );
}
4.4向用户显示状态和结果，加上应用程序的命令行控制
这部分在图像上显示文本输出。
string msg = (mode == CAPTURING) ? "100/100" :
mode == CALIBRATED ? "Calibrated" : "Press 'g' to start";
int baseLine = 0;
Size textSize = getTextSize(msg, 1, 1, 1, &baseLine);
Point textOrigin(view.cols - 2*textSize.width - 10, view.rows - 2*baseLine - 10);
if( mode == CAPTURING )
{
if(s.showUndistorted)
msg = cv::format( "%d/%d Undist", (int)imagePoints.size(), s.nrFrames );
else
msg = cv::format( "%d/%d", (int)imagePoints.size(), s.nrFrames );
}
putText( view, msg, textOrigin, 1, 1, mode == CALIBRATED ? GREEN : RED);
if( blinkOutput )
bitwise_not(view, view);
如果我们运行标定并得到带有失真系数的相机矩阵，我们可能想要使用cv:: undistortion函数来校正图像:
if( mode == CALIBRATED && s.showUndistorted )
{
Mat temp = view.clone();
if (s.useFisheye)
{
Mat newCamMat;
fisheye::estimateNewCameraMatrixForUndistortRectify(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imageSize,
Matx33d::eye(), newCamMat, 1);
cv::fisheye::undistortImage(temp, view, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, newCamMat);
}
else
undistort(temp, view, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs);
}
然后我们显示图像并等待输入键，如果这是u，我们切换失真消除，如果是g，我们再次开始检测过程，最后为ESC键，我们退出应用:
imshow("Image View", view);
char key = (char)waitKey(s.inputCapture.isOpened() ? 50 : s.delay);
if( key == ESC_KEY )
break;
if( key == 'u' && mode == CALIBRATED )
s.showUndistorted = !s.showUndistorted;
if( s.inputCapture.isOpened() && key == 'g' )
{
mode = CAPTURING;
imagePoints.clear();
}
4.5显示失真消除图像
当您使用图像列表时，不可能在循环中消除失真。因此，必须在循环之后执行此操作。利用这一点，我现在扩展cv::undistort函数，它实际上首先调用 cv::initUndistortRectifyMap来查找变换矩阵，然后使用cv::remap函数执行变换。因为，标定成功后，只需计算一次映射，通过使用这个扩展的形式，您可以加快您的应用程序:
if( s.inputType == Settings::IMAGE_LIST && s.showUndistorted && !cameraMatrix.empty())
{
Mat view, rview, map1, map2;
if (s.useFisheye)
{
Mat newCamMat;
fisheye::estimateNewCameraMatrixForUndistortRectify(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imageSize,
Matx33d::eye(), newCamMat, 1);
fisheye::initUndistortRectifyMap(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, Matx33d::eye(), newCamMat, imageSize,
CV_16SC2, map1, map2);
}
else
{
initUndistortRectifyMap(
cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, Mat(),
getOptimalNewCameraMatrix(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imageSize, 1, imageSize, 0), imageSize,
CV_16SC2, map1, map2);
}
for(size_t i = 0; i < s.imageList.size(); i++ )
{
view = imread(s.imageList[i], IMREAD_COLOR);
if(view.empty())
continue;
remap(view, rview, map1, map2, INTER_LINEAR);
imshow("Image View", rview);
char c = (char)waitKey();
if( c == ESC_KEY || c == 'q' || c == 'Q' )
break;
}
}
4.6标定与保存
因为每台相机只需要进行一次标定，所以在成功标定后保存它是有意义的。这样，以后您就可以将这些值加载到您的程序中。因此，我们首先进行标定，如果标定成功，我们将结果保存到OpenCV样式的XML或YAML文件中，这取决于您在配置文件中给出的扩展名。
因此在第一个函数中我们把这两个过程分开。因为我们想要保存许多标定变量，所以我们将在这里创建这些变量，并将它们传递给标定和保存函数。同样，我不会显示保存部分，因为它与标定没有什么共同之处。
bool runCalibrationAndSave(Settings& s, Size imageSize, Mat& cameraMatrix, Mat& distCoeffs,
vector<vector<Point2f> > imagePoints, float grid_width, bool release_object)
{
vector<Mat> rvecs, tvecs;
vector<float> reprojErrs;
double totalAvgErr = 0;
vector<Point3f> newObjPoints;
bool ok = runCalibration(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints, rvecs, tvecs, reprojErrs,
totalAvgErr, newObjPoints, grid_width, release_object);
cout << (ok ? "Calibration succeeded" : "Calibration failed")
<< ". avg re projection error = " << totalAvgErr << endl;
if (ok)
saveCameraParams(s, imageSize, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, rvecs, tvecs, reprojErrs, imagePoints,
totalAvgErr, newObjPoints);
return ok;
}
我们借助cv::calibrateCameraRO函数进行标定。它有以下参数:
- The object points目标点：
vector<Point3f>向量，对于每个输入图像，它描述了模式的外观。如果我们有一个平面模式(如棋盘)，那么我们可以简单地将所有Z坐标设为零。这是这些重要点的集合。因为，我们对所有输入图像使用单一模式，我们只需计算一次，然后将其乘以所有其他输入视图。我们用calcBoardCornerPositions函数计算角点:
static void calcBoardCornerPositions(Size boardSize, float squareSize, vector<Point3f>& corners,
Settings::Pattern patternType /*= Settings::CHESSBOARD*/)
{
corners.clear();
switch(patternType)
{
case Settings::CHESSBOARD:
case Settings::CIRCLES_GRID:
for( int i = 0; i < boardSize.height; ++i )
for( int j = 0; j < boardSize.width; ++j )
corners.push_back(Point3f(j*squareSize, i*squareSize, 0));
break;
case Settings::ASYMMETRIC_CIRCLES_GRID:
for( int i = 0; i < boardSize.height; i++ )
for( int j = 0; j < boardSize.width; j++ )
corners.push_back(Point3f((2*j + i % 2)*squareSize, i*squareSize, 0));
break;
default:
break;
}
}
然后把它乘以:
vector<vector<Point3f> > objectPoints(1);
calcBoardCornerPositions(s.boardSize, s.squareSize, objectPoints[0], s.calibrationPattern);
objectPoints[0][s.boardSize.width - 1].x = objectPoints[0][0].x + grid_width;
newObjPoints = objectPoints[0];
objectPoints.resize(imagePoints.size(),objectPoints[0]);
请注意:
如果你的标定板是不准确的、未测量的、大致平面的目标(使用现成打印机的纸上的棋盘图案是最方便的标定目标，但大多数都不够精确)，可以利用一种方法来显著提高估计相机内部参数的精度。如果提供了命令行参数-d=<number>，将调用这个新的标定方法。在上面的代码片段中，grid_width实际上是由-d=<number>设置的值。它是左上(0,0,0)和右上(s.squareSize*(s.boardSize.width-1), 0, 0)之间的测量距离。应该用尺子或游标卡尺精确测量。标定后，newObjPoints将更新为精确的三维物体点坐标。
- The image points图像点：
vector<Point2f>对于每个输入图像包含重要点的坐标(棋盘的角和圆图案的圆心)。我们已经从cv::findChessboardCorners或cv::findCirclesGrid函数中收集了这个。我们只需要把它传下去。 - 从相机、视频文件或图像中获得的图像的大小。
- 固定对象的索引点。我们将其设置为-1以要求标准标定方法。如果要使用新的对象释放方法，则将其设置为标定板网格右上角点的索引。详细说明见
cv::calibrateCameraRO。
int iFixedPoint = -1;
if (release_object)
iFixedPoint = s.boardSize.width - 1;
- The camera matrix:如果我们使用固定长宽比选项，我们需要设置
f_x:
cameraMatrix = Mat::eye(3, 3, CV_64F);
if( !s.useFisheye && s.flag & CALIB_FIX_ASPECT_RATIO )
cameraMatrix.at<double>(0,0) = s.aspectRatio;
- The distortion coefficient matrix:初始化为零
distCoeffs = Mat::zeros(8, 1, CV_64F);
- 对于所有视图，该函数将计算旋转和平移向量，将目标点(在世界坐标空间中给出)转换为图像点(在模型坐标空间中给出)。第7和第8个参数是矩阵的输出向量，其中第i个位置包含第i个物体点到第i个图像点的旋转和平移向量。
- 标定模式点的更新输出向量。标准标定方法忽略此参数。
- 最后一个参数是flag。你需要在这里指定一些选项，比如固定焦距的长宽比，假设切向失真为零，或者固定主点。这里我们使用
CALIB_USE_LU来获得更快的标定速度。
rms = calibrateCameraRO(objectPoints, imagePoints, imageSize, iFixedPoint,
cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, rvecs, tvecs, newObjPoints,
s.flag | CALIB_USE_LU);
- 该函数返回平均重投影误差。这个数字对所找到的参数的精度给出了很好的估计。这应该尽可能接近于零。考虑到内参、畸变参数、旋转和平移矩阵，我们可以通过使用
cv::projectPoints来计算一个视图的误差，首先将物体点转换为图像点。然后我们计算通过变换得到的结果与角/圆查找算法之间的绝对范数。为了找到平均误差，我们计算所有标定图像的计算误差的算术平均值。
static double computeReprojectionErrors( const vector<vector<Point3f> >& objectPoints,
const vector<vector<Point2f> >& imagePoints,
const vector<Mat>& rvecs, const vector<Mat>& tvecs,
const Mat& cameraMatrix , const Mat& distCoeffs,
vector<float>& perViewErrors, bool fisheye)
{
vector<Point2f> imagePoints2;
size_t totalPoints = 0;
double totalErr = 0, err;
perViewErrors.resize(objectPoints.size());
for(size_t i = 0; i < objectPoints.size(); ++i )
{
if (fisheye)
{
fisheye::projectPoints(objectPoints[i], imagePoints2, rvecs[i], tvecs[i], cameraMatrix,
distCoeffs);
}
else
{
projectPoints(objectPoints[i], rvecs[i], tvecs[i], cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, imagePoints2);
}
err = norm(imagePoints[i], imagePoints2, NORM_L2);
size_t n = objectPoints[i].size();
perViewErrors[i] = (float) std::sqrt(err*err/n);
totalErr += err*err;
totalPoints += n;
}
return std::sqrt(totalErr/totalPoints);
}
4.7结果
假设有一个输入棋盘图案，大小为9 X 6。我使用AXIS IP摄像机创建了标定板的两个快照，并将其保存到VID5目录中。我把它放在我工作目录的images/ camercalibration文件夹中，并创建了下面的VID5.XML文件来描述使用哪些图像:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<opencv_storage>
<images>
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx1.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx2.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx3.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx4.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx5.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx6.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx7.jpg
images/CameraCalibration/VID5/xx8.jpg
</images>
</opencv_storage>
如何生成上面的xml文件呢？
// genImageXML.cpp
#include <opencv2\opencv.hpp>
#include <opencv2\highgui\highgui.hpp>
#include <opencv2\features2d\features2d.hpp>
#include <opencv2\core\core.hpp>
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
int main()
{
string pattern = "D:/code/PycharmProjects/learn_azureKinect/chessboard_5x7_30mm/*.jpg";
vector<string> fn;
glob(pattern, fn, false);
FileStorage fs("./VID5.xml", cv::FileStorage::WRITE);
fs << "images" <<"[";
for (auto name : fn)
{
fs<<name;
}
fs << "]";
fs.release();
return 0;
}
然后传递images/ camercalibration /VID5/VID5. xml作为配置文件的输入。下面是在应用程序运行时发现的一个棋盘模式:
应用失真去除后，我们得到:
同样的方法也适用于这个不对称的圆形图案，设置输入宽度为4，高度为11。这一次，我通过为输入指定ID(“1”)来使用一个实时摄像机输入。以下是检测到的模式的样子:
在这两种情况下，在指定的输出XML/YAML文件中，你会发现相机和畸变系数矩阵:
<camera_matrix type_id="opencv-matrix">
<rows>3</rows>
<cols>3</cols>
<dt>d</dt>
<data>
6.5746697944293521e+002 0. 3.1950000000000000e+002 0.
6.5746697944293521e+002 2.3950000000000000e+002 0. 0. 1.</data></camera_matrix>
<distortion_coefficients type_id="opencv-matrix">
<rows>5</rows>
<cols>1</cols>
<dt>d</dt>
<data>
-4.1802327176423804e-001 5.0715244063187526e-001 0. 0.
-5.7843597214487474e-001</data></distortion_coefficients>
将这些值作为常量添加到你的程序中，调用cv::initUndistortRectifyMap和cv::remap函数来消除失真，为廉价和低质量的相机享受无失真输入。
BONUS
下面基于Python+OpenCV实现单目相机标定
我们现在将使用 OpenCV 执行标定过程。为了确定 9 个参数（4 个相机内在系数和 5 个失真系数），我们需要一些失真的棋盘图像——建议使用至少 10 个图像的数据集，使用要标定的相机拍摄。
我们首先进行导入并设置数据以供以后在标定过程中使用。 OpenCV 的cornerSubPix() 函数需要一个终止标准，该函数执行高精度搜索棋盘图像中的角点。需要一组对象点来告诉 OpenCV 我们正在使用 8 x 8 棋盘作为标定目标。
import cv2
import numpy as np
import glob
# 设置cornerSubPix() 的终止标准
criteria = (cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_EPS + cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_MAX_ITER, 30, 0.001)
# 为 8x8 棋盘创建和填充对象点
objp = np.zeros((7 * 7, 3), np.float32)
objp[:,:2] = np.mgrid[0:7, 0:7].T.reshape(-1, 2)
# 为对象点和图像点创建数组
objpoints = [] # 现实世界空间中的 3d 点
imgpoints = [] # 图像平面中的 2d点
设置好初始变量后，我们可以遍历失真棋盘图像的标定数据集，并应用 OpenCV 的 findChessboardCorners() 函数来定位棋盘图像中的角。
# 收集文件夹中图像的文件名
images = glob.glob('calibration*.png')
# 遍历文件夹中的图像并创建棋盘角
for fname in images:
print(fname)
image = cv2.imread(fname)
gray = cv2.split(image)[0]
ret, corners = cv2.findChessboardCorners(gray, (7, 7), None)
if ret == True:
objpoints.append(objp)
corners_SubPix = cv2.cornerSubPix(gray, corners, (11, 11), (-1, -1), criteria)
imgpoints.append(corners_SubPix)
print("Return value: ", ret)
img = cv2.drawChessboardCorners(gray, (7, 7), corners_SubPix, ret)
cv2.imshow("Corners", img)
cv2.waitKey(500)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
下图显示了 findChessboardCorners() 函数的示例输出——OpenCV 已成功检测到失真棋盘图像的所有内角，随后可用于执行标定。
以下代码使用 OpenCV 的 calibrateCamera() 函数来确定相机内在矩阵和失真系数。文件存储 API 用于将参数保存到 XML 文件中。
# 相机标定: cameraMatrix = 3x3 相机内参; 畸变系数distCoeffs = 5x1 向量
# gray.shape[::-1] 将单通道图像值从 h、w 交换为 w、h（numpy 到 OpenCV 格式）
retval, cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, rvecs, tvecs = cv2.calibrateCamera(objpoints, imgpoints, gray.shape[::-1], None, None)
# 保存相机内参和畸变系数
fs = cv2.FileStorage("intrinsics.xml", cv2.FileStorage_WRITE)
fs.write("image_width", gray.shape[1])
fs.write("image_height", gray.shape[0])
fs.write("camera_matrix", cameraMatrix)
fs.write("distortion_coefficients", distCoeffs)
fs.release()
在文本编辑器中检查XML文件后，确定4个值的相机内在系数和5个失真系数。
成功获得我们的参数后，我们可以导入一个新的失真图像并应用 OpenCV 的非失真函数来拉直图像。使用的图像取自厨房台面样本，在应用视觉检查功能之前需要对其进行失真处理——桶形失真在原始图像中非常明显。
下面的代码为要处理的图像细化摄像机矩阵，然后计算和应用转换。
# 输入失真图像，保留为 3 通道
image_dist = cv2.imread('./sample.png')
print("Distorted image shape: ", image_dist.shape)
cv2.imshow("Distorted Image", image_dist)
cv2.waitKey(0)
# 根据比例因子返回相应的新的相机内参矩阵，并得到有效的ROI
h, w = image_dist.shape[:2]
cameraMatrixNew, roi = cv2.getOptimalNewCameraMatrix(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, (w, h), 1, (w, h))
# 计算原始图像和矫正图像之间的转换关系，将结果以映射的形式表达，映射关系存储在map1和map2中
map1, map2 = cv2.initUndistortRectifyMap(cameraMatrix, distCoeffs, None, cameraMatrixNew, (w, h), cv2.CV_32FC1)
# 把原始图像中某位置的像素映射到矫正后的图像指定位置，
# 这里的map1和map2就是上面cv::initUndistortRectifyMap()计算出来的结果。
image_undist = cv2.remap(image_dist, map1, map2, cv2.INTER_LINEAR)
cv2.imshow("Undistorted Image Full", image_undist)
cv2.waitKey(0)
也可以使用undistort函数，因为undistort函数内部调用了initUndistortRectifyMap函数和remap函数。
下图是变换后的未失真输出。边缘处的黑色斑块是重新映射过程的副产品，因为像素被重新定位以获得直线度。
OpenCV的重映射函数识别出了上面图像边缘的黑色斑块，提供了一个有效的ROI(感兴趣区域)，在变换之后给出了可能的最大的矩形图像。
# crop undistorted image to valid ROI
print("Valid ROI: ", roi)
x, y, w, h = roi
image_undist = image_undist[y:y+h, x:x+w]
cv2.imshow("Undistorted Image Valid ROI", image_undist)
cv2.waitKey(0)
生成的图像是裁剪后的有效 ROI，随后可用作视觉检测算法的输入。
参考目录
https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/d4/d94/tutorial_camera_calibration.html
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