数据来源于天池赛题:零基础入门数据挖掘 - 二手车交易价格预测
一、原理介绍
在数据挖掘过程中,单个模型的泛化能力往往比较单薄,而模型融合的方法可以结合多个模型的优点,提升模型的预测精度。典型的模型融合的方法有加权融合、Stacking/Blending、提升树。下面将以Stacking为例,做一个详细介绍。
- Stacking是一种多层模型,将已训练好的多个模型作为基分类器。然后将这几个学习器的预测结果作为新的训练集,来学习一个新的学习器。
- 即可以看成是一种结合策略,使用另外一个机器学习算法来将个体机器学习器的结果结合在一起。
- 我们称第一层学习器为初级学习器,称第二层学习器为次级学习器。
- 通常情况下,为了防止过拟合,次级学习器宜选用简单模型。如在回归问题中,可以使用线性回归;在分类问题中,可以使用logistic。
二、代码实现
#加载需要的模块
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error, make_scorer
from xgboost.sklearn import XGBRegressor
from lightgbm.sklearn import LGBMRegressor
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor
import lightgbm as lgb
import xgboost as xgb
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV,cross_val_score
from sklearn import linear_model
#数据读取
Train_data = pd.read_csv('F:/data/used_car_train_20200313.csv', sep=' ')
TestA_data = pd.read_csv('F:/data/used_car_testA_20200313.csv', sep=' ')
#选择前面特征工程过程中筛选出的特征
Train_data=Train_data[['v_12','v_10','v_9','v_11','price']]
TestA_data=TestA_data[['v_12','v_10','v_9','v_11']]
上述特征的筛选过程可以参考: 特征工程之嵌入式 随机森林度量各指标的重要性
#划分自变量和目标变量
X_data = Train_data.drop('price', axis=1) #删除列
Y_data = Train_data['price']
X_test = TestA_data
#定义模型
def build_model_gbdt(x_train,y_train):
estimator =GradientBoostingRegressor(loss='ls',subsample= 0.85,max_depth= 5,n_estimators = 100)
param_grid = {
'learning_rate': [0.05,0.08,0.1,0.2],
}
gbdt = GridSearchCV(estimator, param_grid,cv=3)
gbdt.fit(x_train,y_train)
print(gbdt.best_params_)
# print(gbdt.best_estimator_ )
return gbdt
def build_model_xgb(x_train,y_train):
model = xgb.XGBRegressor(n_estimators=120, learning_rate=0.08, gamma=0, subsample=0.8,\
colsample_bytree=0.9, max_depth=5) #, objective ='reg:squarederror'
model.fit(x_train, y_train)
return model
def build_model_lgb(x_train,y_train):
estimator = lgb.LGBMRegressor(num_leaves=63,n_estimators = 100)
param_grid = {
'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.05, 0.1],
}
gbm = GridSearchCV(estimator, param_grid)
gbm.fit(x_train, y_train)
return gbm
def build_model_lr(x_train,y_train):
reg_model = linear_model.LinearRegression()
reg_model.fit(x_train,y_train)
return reg_model
#交叉验证
#划分训练集和测试集
x_train,x_val,y_train,y_val = train_test_split(X_data,Y_data,test_size=0.3)
#训练模型
print('Predict GBDT...')
model_gbdt = build_model_gbdt(x_train,y_train)
val_gbdt = model_gbdt.predict(x_val)
subA_gbdt = model_gbdt.predict(X_test)
print('predict XGB...')
model_xgb = build_model_xgb(x_train,y_train)
val_xgb = model_xgb.predict(x_val)
subA_xgb = model_xgb.predict(X_test)
print('predict lgb...')
model_lgb = build_model_lgb(x_train,y_train)
val_lgb = model_lgb.predict(x_val)
subA_lgb = model_lgb.predict(X_test)
Predict GBDT…
{‘learning_rate’: 0.1}
predict XGB…
predict lgb…
在初级学习器中,一共建立了三个模型,分别是LightGBM、GBDT、XGBoost。
关于XGBoost模型的原理和代码实现,可以参考: 集成学习之XGBoost算法
#Starking
#第一层
train_lgb_pred = model_lgb.predict(x_train)
train_xgb_pred = model_xgb.predict(x_train)
train_gbdt_pred = model_gbdt.predict(x_train)
Strak_X_train = pd.DataFrame()
Strak_X_train['Method_1'] = train_lgb_pred
Strak_X_train['Method_2'] = train_xgb_pred
Strak_X_train['Method_3'] = train_gbdt_pred
Strak_X_val = pd.DataFrame()
Strak_X_val['Method_1'] = val_lgb
Strak_X_val['Method_2'] = val_xgb
Strak_X_val['Method_3'] = val_gbdt
Strak_X_test = pd.DataFrame()
Strak_X_test['Method_1'] = subA_lgb
Strak_X_test['Method_2'] = subA_xgb
Strak_X_test['Method_3'] = subA_gbdt
这里将线性回归作为次级学习器
#第二层
model_lr_Stacking = build_model_lr(Strak_X_train,y_train)
#训练集
train_pre_Stacking = model_lr_Stacking.predict(Strak_X_train)
print('MAE of Stacking-LR:',mean_absolute_error(y_train,train_pre_Stacking))
#验证集
val_pre_Stacking = model_lr_Stacking.predict(Strak_X_val)
print('MAE of Stacking-LR:',mean_absolute_error(y_val,val_pre_Stacking))
#预测集
print('Predict Stacking-LR...')
subA_Stacking = model_lr_Stacking.predict(Strak_X_test)
MAE of Stacking-LR: 914.5652539316941
MAE of Stacking-LR: 961.6758318716319
Predict Stacking-LR…
三、结果解读
-
从模型结果可以看出,Stacking融合之后模型的MAE达到了914.5652539316941。这相较于前文使用的单个XGBoost模型,平均绝对误差有所减小。说明Stacking在一定程度上提升了模型精度。
-
在验证集中,MAE=961.6758318716319,略大于训练集上的MAE。说明模型存在轻微的过拟合,这也是后面模型改进的一个方向。