微积分-导数4（三角函数的导数）

证明$f(x)=\sin x$的导数为$f^{\prime }(x)=\cos x$

已知函数
$$f(x)=\sin x$$
画出$f(x)$图像以及$f^{\prime }(x)$的图像

因此，我们可以合理的猜测：当$f(x)=\sin x$时，$f^{\prime }(x)=\cos x$，下面根据导数的定义来证明
f ′ ( x ) = lim ⁡ h → 0 f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) h = lim ⁡ h → 0 sin ⁡ ( x + h ) − sin ⁡ ( x ) h = lim ⁡ h → 0 sin ⁡ ( x ) cos ⁡ ( h ) + cos ⁡ ( x ) sin ⁡ ( h ) − sin ⁡ ( x ) h = lim ⁡ h → 0 [ sin ⁡ ( x ) ( cos ⁡ ( h ) − 1 ) + cos ⁡ ( x ) sin ⁡ ( h ) h ] = lim ⁡ h → 0 [ sin ⁡ ( x ) ( cos ⁡ ( h ) − 1 h ) + cos ⁡ ( x ) ( sin ⁡ ( h ) h ) ] = sin ⁡ ( x ) ⋅ ( lim ⁡ h → 0 cos ⁡ ( h ) − 1 h ) + cos ⁡ ( x ) ⋅ ( lim ⁡ h → 0 sin ⁡ ( h ) h ) \begin{align*} f'(x) &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sin(x + h) - \sin(x)}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sin(x) \cos(h) + \cos(x) \sin(h) - \sin(x)}{h} \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \left[ \frac{\sin(x) (\cos(h) - 1) + \cos(x) \sin(h)}{h} \right] \\ &= \lim_{h \to 0} \left[ \sin(x) \left( \frac{\cos(h) - 1}{h} \right) + \cos(x) \left( \frac{\sin(h)}{h} \right) \right] \\ &= \sin(x) \cdot \left( \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\cos(h) - 1}{h} \right) + \cos(x) \cdot \left( \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sin(h)}{h} \right) \end{align*} f′(x)​=h→0lim​hf(x+h)−f(x)​=h→0lim​hsin(x+h)−sin(x)​=h→0lim​hsin(x)cos(h)+cos(x)sin(h)−sin(x)​=h→0lim​[hsin(x)(cos(h)−1)+cos(x)sin(h)​]=h→0lim​[sin(x)(hcos(h)−1​)+cos(x)(hsin(h)​)]=sin(x)⋅(