Jetson(ubuntu18.04)使用v4l2-ctl工具USB摄像头和CSI 摄像头的规格参数查看方法

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-22 13:31:25 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-04-22 13:31:25 发布
阅读量4.8k 收藏 19
点赞数 1
分类专栏： jetson_nx 嵌入式 Jetson 文章标签： linux 运维
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46151178/article/details/127104809
版权
Jetson 同时被 3 个专栏收录
72 篇文章 10 订阅
订阅专栏
嵌入式
28 篇文章 1 订阅
订阅专栏
jetson_nx
22 篇文章 3 订阅
订阅专栏

最简单的检测设备存在不

ls /dev/video*

你会看到列出了单个设备，但是这样的信息量太少，通常无法判断到底哪个编号是哪个摄像头。

要更进一步检测摄像头数量与详细规格，就需要 v4l2-utils 这个工具协助，安装方法很简单，如下指令：

sudo apt-geat install v4l-utlis

安装完之后，可以用以下指令检测比较完整的信息：

v4l2-ctl- --list-devices

本例中执行这个命令后，会看到下面截屏信息，将USB个摄像头都列清楚：

UVC Camera (046d:0825) (usb-70090000.xusb-2):
        /dev/video0

这台设备的csi摄像头有点问题，文件系统可能被我搞坏了没显示出来网上的图是下面的

这里就能非常清楚看到第一个（/dev/video0）属于 imx219 规格（CSI）摄像头，第二个（dev/video2）是 USB2.0 的摄像头，接到 xusb-2（规格是 USB3）接口，第三个（/dev/video1)是 USB 摄像头，接到 xusb-3.2 (规格是 USB2）接口，这样就能一目了然知道哪个编号对应哪个摄像头。 

接下来还可以用这个指令，进一步检测每个摄像头的更细致规格，包括所支持的图像种类、宽高、帧数等等，这些在后面使用代码时很重要。

请执行以下指令，来看一下第一个USB 摄像头的规格参数：

v4l2-ctl --device=/dev/video0 --list-formats-ext
ioctl: VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT
        Index       : 0
        Type        : Video Capture
        Pixel Format: 'YUYV'
        Name        : YUYV 4:2:2
                Size: Discrete 640x480
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 160x120
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 176x144
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 320x176
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 320x240
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 352x288
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 432x240
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 544x288
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 640x360
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 752x416
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 800x448
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 800x600
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 864x480
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 960x544
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 960x720
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1024x576
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1184x656
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1280x720
                        Interval: Discrete 0.133s (7.500 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1280x960
                        Interval: Discrete 0.133s (7.500 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)

        Index       : 1
        Type        : Video Capture
        Pixel Format: 'MJPG' (compressed)
        Name        : Motion-JPEG
                Size: Discrete 640x480
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 160x120
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 176x144
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 320x176
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 320x240
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 352x288
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 432x240
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 544x288
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 640x360
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 752x416
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 800x448
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 800x600
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 864x480
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 960x544
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 960x720
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1024x576
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1184x656
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1280x720
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)
                Size: Discrete 1280x960
                        Interval: Discrete 0.033s (30.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.040s (25.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.050s (20.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.067s (15.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.100s (10.000 fps)
                        Interval: Discrete 0.200s (5.000 fps)

 网上的是csi的

 

这里更精确地列出了这个摄像头的细节参数，例如显示的“RG10”就算代表这个摄像头的数据格式，下面的“10-bit Bayer RGRG/GBGB”则是进一步说明这个格式使用的算法与通道对应的参数。

再下面的尺寸，例如 3264x2464，其下还有对应的 Interval 性能参数，表示所支持的分辨率，以及该分辨率的最高执行帧率，这样的信息量才能够帮助我们在后面开发应用时作为设定的依据。

其他的设备，请自行修改。

 v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 --all
Driver Info (not using libv4l2):
        Driver name   : uvcvideo
        Card type     : UVC Camera (046d:0825)
        Bus info      : usb-70090000.xusb-2
        Driver version: 4.9.253
        Capabilities  : 0x84200001
                Video Capture
                Streaming
                Extended Pix Format
                Device Capabilities
        Device Caps   : 0x04200001
                Video Capture
                Streaming
                Extended Pix Format
Priority: 2
Video input : 0 (Camera 1: ok)
Format Video Capture:
        Width/Height      : 640/480
        Pixel Format      : 'YUYV'
        Field             : None
        Bytes per Line    : 1280
        Size Image        : 614400
        Colorspace        : sRGB
        Transfer Function : Default (maps to sRGB)
        YCbCr/HSV Encoding: Default (maps to ITU-R 601)
        Quantization      : Default (maps to Limited Range)
        Flags             :
Crop Capability Video Capture:
        Bounds      : Left 0, Top 0, Width 640, Height 480
        Default     : Left 0, Top 0, Width 640, Height 480
        Pixel Aspect: 1/1
Selection: crop_default, Left 0, Top 0, Width 640, Height 480
Selection: crop_bounds, Left 0, Top 0, Width 640, Height 480
Streaming Parameters Video Capture:
        Capabilities     : timeperframe
        Frames per second: 30.000 (30/1)
        Read buffers     : 0
                     brightness 0x00980900 (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=128 value=128
                       contrast 0x00980901 (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=32 value=32
                     saturation 0x00980902 (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=32 value=32
 white_balance_temperature_auto 0x0098090c (bool)   : default=1 value=1
                           gain 0x00980913 (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=64 value=64
           power_line_frequency 0x00980918 (menu)   : min=0 max=2 default=2 value=2
      white_balance_temperature 0x0098091a (int)    : min=0 max=10000 step=10 default=4000 value=4000 flags=inactive
                      sharpness 0x0098091b (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=24 value=24
         backlight_compensation 0x0098091c (int)    : min=0 max=1 step=1 default=0 value=0
                  exposure_auto 0x009a0901 (menu)   : min=0 max=3 default=3 value=3
              exposure_absolute 0x009a0902 (int)    : min=1 max=10000 step=1 default=166 value=166 flags=inactive
         exposure_auto_priority 0x009a0903 (bool)   : default=0 value=1

 

可以看到摄像头的所有的参数，并且可以看到摄像头的默认参数。
还有输入v4l2-ctl help 查看不同参数的具体意思

要是可以让设备树工程师帮你看看 

 

无证驾驶梁嗖嗖
关注
  • 1
    点赞
  • 踩
  • 19
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 打赏
    打赏
  • 2
    评论
专栏目录
v4l2loopback：v4l2-loopback设备
02-20
v4l2loopback-创建V4L2回送设备的内核模块 该模块允许您创建“虚拟视频设备”。 普通（v4l2）应用程序将读取这些设备，就像它们是普通视频设备一样，但是不会从例如捕获卡中读取视频，而是由另一个应用程序生成。 ...
Jetson nano使用QT+opencv读取USB摄像头.zip
03-21
Jetson nano读取USB摄像头比较简单，只需要两步：打开摄像头；逐帧提取。但是需要注意的是Jetson Nano并不是支持所有的USB摄像头，建议在采购的时候尽量选择Linux免驱的USB摄像头。
linux下使用v4l2-ctl查看摄像头数据
yuanlulu的博客
12-27 2417
我有一个支持uvc的相机，通过USB线和我的linux开发机连起来了。为了查看它的信息，我上网发现有v4l-utils这个包。这个包的工具可以让我在写代码前就对相机的参数有个大概了解。摄像头的有些参数是可调的，有些甚至支持zoom和云台的控制，具体的情况是看相机端实现的。虽然下面显示/dev下两个设备，但是实际上就一个摄像头（Webcam gadget），下面用/dev/video0来访问。我主要是用v4l2-ctl来查看摄像头的信息。我这个相机是4K的，可以看到4K的格式。
V4L2 摄像头应用
学习记录
01-20 3138
V4L2 摄像头应用
Linux中V4L2使用
最新发布
人无远虑，必有近忧
04-22 881
Video for Linuxtwo(Video4Linux2)简称V4L2，是V4L的改进版。V4L2是linux操作系统下用于采集图片、视频和音频数据的API接口，配合适当的视频采集设备和相应的驱动程序，可以实现图片、视频、音频等的采集。在远程会议、可视电话、视频监控系统和嵌入式多媒体终端中都有广泛的应用。
v4l2-ctl常用命令
亚洲程序员盟主得博客
04-02 754
【代码】v4l2-ctl常用命令。
V4L2 pixel format 格式参考
jzwjzw19900922的博客
01-12 6592
1. v4l2_pix_format定义 /* * V I D E O I M A G E F O R M A T */ struct v4l2_pix_format { __u32 width; __u32 height; __u32 pixelformat; enum v4l2_field field; ...
v4l2-ctl基本使用方法
skylangzi的博客
07-25 229
v4l2-ctl
linux ubuntu opencv 调用本地USB摄像头测试（失败了，再说！）
Dontla的博客
09-13 1228
代码来自：C/C++ OpenCV读取视频与调用摄像头 #include <opencv2\opencv.hpp> using namespace cv; using namespace std; int main() { //读取视频或摄像头 VideoCapture capture(0); while (true) { Mat frame; capture >> frame; imshow("读取视频", frame); waitKey(30);
V4L2 pixel format
热门推荐
MyArrow的专栏
01-18 1万+
1. v4l2_pix_format定义 /* * V I D E O I M A G E F O R M A T */ struct v4l2_pix_format { __u32 width; __u32 height; __u32 pixelformat; enum v4l2_field field; __u32
jetson nano csi摄像头 tensorrt 运行yolov8检测 项目代码
05-27
与传统的USB摄像头相比，CSI摄像头通常提供更低的延迟和更高的数据传输速率，适合实时图像处理。 3. **TensorRT**: TensorRT是一个高性能的深度学习推理（Inference）优化器和运行时，它能够将训练好的神经网络模型...
USB Camera V4L2 视频录制——ubuntu(1)
08-04
USB Camera V4L2 视频录制——ubuntu(1)
jetson nanojetpack4.6,ubuntu18.04,eigen3.1.0 ,ffmpeg5.0.Pangolin
05-11
# Get Pangolin cd ~/your_fav_code_directory ...cd Pangolin # Install dependencies (as described above, or your preferred method) ./scripts/install_prerequisites.sh recommended # Configure and build ...
Ubuntu16.04安装opencv4.4.0+opencv-contrib4.4.0（Ubuntu18.04同样适用，Jetson系列开发板同样适用）-附件资源
03-02
Ubuntu16.04安装opencv4.4.0+opencv-contrib4.4.0（Ubuntu18.04同样适用，Jetson系列开发板同样适用）-附件资源
camera-caps：Jetson设备上的一种实用的V4L2可视化界面
DCCSDNDC的博客
11-23 643
camera-caps：Jetson设备上的一种实用的V4L2可视化界面。注意：Jetpack5.x需要选择tag 5.x版本。
V4L2-CTL和GStreamer 抓图 抓帧 显示图像
daochukoukoiu的博客
01-12 6779
media-ctl工具的操作是通过/dev/medio0等media设备，它所管理是media的拓扑结构中各个节点的format，大小，链接 可以使用GStreamer预览Camera的图像、编码
v4l2摄像头驱动笔记
sunxiaopengsun的专栏
02-20 842
VMware下Ubuntu调用USB摄像头出现 v4l2：oops：select timeout解决办法_菠萝菠萝哒X-CSDN博客
google浏览器 摄像头Video Play
Golden的专栏
10-28 3640
google浏览器 摄像头Video Play <html> <head> <title>摄像头Video Play</title> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function(){ if (navigator.mediaDevices && navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMed...
v4l2-ctl进行ISP配置
06-02
v4l2-ctl是一个Linux命令行工具，用于在V4L2设备上进行控制和配置。在Jetson Nano上，可以使用v4l2-ctl命令进行ISP配置。 以下是一个示例命令，用于配置连接到/dev/video0设备上的摄像头： ``` v4l2-ctl -d /dev/...

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么？

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论 2
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

个

红包个数最小为10个

元

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43元 前往充值 >
需支付：10.00元
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包

打赏作者

无证驾驶梁嗖嗖

让我们解决Jetson使用问题

¥1 ¥2 ¥4 ¥6 ¥10 ¥20
扫码支付：¥1
获取中
扫码支付

您的余额不足，请更换扫码支付或充值

打赏作者

实付元
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明：

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币，按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载，可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值