机器学习基础算法15-回归实例-线性回归、Ridge回归、LASSO、ElasticNet的高阶参数与过拟合以及TSS>=ESS+RSS代码验证

代码实现

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, RidgeCV, LassoCV, ElasticNetCV
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
# 处理warning
from sklearn.exceptions import ConvergenceWarning
import matplotlib as mpl
import warnings


def xss(y, y_hat):
    y = y.ravel()
    y_hat = y_hat.ravel()
    # Version 1
    tss = ((y - np.average(y)) ** 2).sum()
    rss = ((y_hat - y) ** 2).sum()
    ess = ((y_hat - np.average(y)) ** 2).sum()
    r2 = 1 - rss / tss
    # print 'RSS:', rss, '\t ESS:', ess
    # print 'TSS:', tss, 'RSS + ESS = ', rss + ess
    tss_list.append(tss)
    rss_list.append(rss)
    ess_list.append(ess)
    ess_rss_list.append(rss + ess)
    # Version 2
    # tss = np.var(y)
    # rss = np.average((y_hat - y) ** 2)
    # r2 = 1 - rss / tss
    corr_coef = np.corrcoef(y, y_hat)[0, 1]
    return r2, corr_coef


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 设置将某类别的警告忽视
    warnings.filterwarnings(action='ignore', category=ConvergenceWarning)
    # 设置随机数种子,在试验模型中使用,但在工作中很少使用
    np.random.seed(0)
    # 设置输出样式-参数linewidth设置显示宽度
    np.set_printoptions(linewidth=1000)
    # 设置9个点
    N = 9
    # 设置x,0-6等间隔的数加上高斯噪声
    x = np.linspace(0, 6, N) + np.random.randn(N)
    x = np.sort(x)
    # 设置y
    y = x**2 - 4*x - 3 + np.random.randn(N)
    # 设置成列向量,将行变成列
    x.shape = -1, 1
    y.shape = -1, 1


    models = [Pipeline([
        # PolynomialFeatures用来生成关于x的矩阵,其中degree表示多项式的次数,include_bias默认为True表示会包含1
        ('poly', PolynomialFeatures()),
        # fit_intercept = False表示不去计算截距项,避免与上面的include_bias=True重复
        ('linear', LinearRegression(fit_intercept=False))]),
        Pipeline([
            ('poly', PolynomialFeatures()),
            # RidgeCV封装了网格搜索调优,相当于RidgeCV + GridsearchCV,alphas表示正则项
            ('linear', RidgeCV(alphas=np.logspace(-3, 2, 50), fit_intercept=False))]),
        Pipeline([
            ('poly', PolynomialFeatures()),
            ('linear', LassoCV(alphas=np.logspace(-3, 2, 50), fit_intercept=False))]),
        Pipeline([
            ('poly', PolynomialFeatures()),
            # l1_ratio表示L1与L2的比例
            ('linear', ElasticNetCV(alphas=np.logspace(-3, 2, 50), l1_ratio=[.1, .5, .7, .9, .95, .99, 1],
                                    fit_intercept=False))])
    ]
    mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'simHei']
    mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
    # 不用科学计数法,用小数点来显示
    np.set_printoptions(suppress=True)

    plt.figure(figsize=(18, 12), facecolor='w')
    # 阶数的数组
    d_pool = np.arange(1, N, 1)  # 阶
    m = d_pool.size
    # 设置渐变色
    clrs = []
    for c in np.linspace(16711680,255,m):
        c = int(c)
        clrs.append('#%06x' % c)
    line_width = np.linspace(5, 2, m)

    titles = u'线性回归', u'Ridge回归', u'LASSO', u'ElasticNet'

    tss_list = []
    rss_list = []
    ess_list = []
    ess_rss_list = []
    # 迭代画4个图
    for t in range(4):
        model = models[t]
        plt.subplot(2, 2, t+1)
        # zorder=N表示放置到最上层
        plt.plot(x, y, 'ro', ms=10, zorder=N)
        for i, d in enumerate(d_pool):
            # poly__degree=d表示设置PolynomialFeatures()中degree参数,矩阵的阶数或多项式的次数
            model.set_params(poly__degree=d)
            # numpy.ravel表示将多维数组降为一维
            model.fit(x, y.ravel())
            # get_params表示获得线性数据本身、值等
            lin = model.get_params('linear')['linear']
            output = u'%s:%d阶,系数为:' % (titles[t], d)
            if hasattr(lin, 'alpha_'):
                idx = output.find(u'系数')
                output = output[:idx] + (u'alpha=%.6f,' % lin.alpha_) + output[idx:]
            if hasattr(lin, 'l1_ratio_'):   # 根据交叉验证结果,从输入l1_ratio(list)中选择的最优l1_ratio_(float)
                idx = output.find(u'系数')
                output = output[:idx] + (u'l1_ratio=%.6f,' % lin.l1_ratio_) + output[idx:]
            print(output, lin.coef_.ravel())
            x_hat = np.linspace(x.min(), x.max(), num=100)
            x_hat.shape = -1, 1
            y_hat = model.predict(x_hat)
            s = model.score(x, y)
            r2, corr_coef = xss(y, model.predict(x))
            # print 'R2和相关系数:', r2, corr_coef
            # print 'R2:', s, '\n'
            z = N - 1 if (d == 2) else 0
            label = u'%d阶,$R^2$=%.3f' % (d, s)
            if hasattr(lin, 'l1_ratio_'):
                label += u',L1 ratio=%.2f' % lin.l1_ratio_
            # lc与lw
            plt.plot(x_hat, y_hat, color=clrs[i], lw=line_width[i],alpha=0.75, label=label, zorder=z)
        plt.legend(loc='upper left')
        plt.grid(True)
        plt.title(titles[t], fontsize=18)
        plt.xlabel('X', fontsize=16)
        plt.ylabel('Y', fontsize=16)
    plt.tight_layout(1, rect=(0, 0, 1, 0.95))
    plt.suptitle(u'多项式曲线拟合比较', fontsize=22)
    plt.show()

    y_max = max(max(tss_list), max(ess_rss_list)) * 1.05
    plt.figure(figsize=(9, 7), facecolor='w')
    t = np.arange(len(tss_list))
    plt.plot(t, tss_list, 'ro-', lw=2, label=u'TSS(Total Sum of Squares)')
    plt.plot(t, ess_list, 'mo-', lw=1, label=u'ESS(Explained Sum of Squares)')
    plt.plot(t, rss_list, 'bo-', lw=1, label=u'RSS(Residual Sum of Squares)')
    plt.plot(t, ess_rss_list, 'go-', lw=2, label=u'ESS+RSS')
    plt.ylim((0, y_max))
    plt.legend(loc='center right')
    plt.xlabel(u'实验:线性回归/Ridge/LASSO/Elastic Net', fontsize=15)
    plt.ylabel(u'XSS值', fontsize=15)
    plt.title(u'总平方和TSS=?', fontsize=18)
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.show()

运行结果

线性回归:1阶,系数为: [-12.12113792   3.05477422]
线性回归:2阶,系数为: [-3.23812184 -3.36390661  0.90493645]
线性回归:3阶,系数为: [-3.90207326 -2.61163034  0.66422328  0.02290431]
线性回归:4阶,系数为: [-8.20599769  4.20778207 -2.85304163  0.73902338 -0.05008557]
线性回归:5阶,系数为: [ 21.59733285 -54.12232017  38.43116219 -12.68651476   1.98134176  -0.11572371]
线性回归:6阶,系数为: [ 14.73304785 -37.87317494  23.67462342  -6.07037979   0.42536833   0.06803132  -0.00859246]
线性回归:7阶,系数为: [ 314.30344622 -827.89446924  857.33293186 -465.46543638  144.21883851  -25.67294678    2.44658612   -0.09675941]
线性回归:8阶,系数为: [-1189.50149198  3643.69109456 -4647.92941149  3217.22814712 -1325.87384337   334.32869072   -50.57119119     4.21251817    -0.148521  ]
Ridge回归:1阶,alpha=0.109854,系数为: [-11.21592213   2.85121516]
Ridge回归:2阶,alpha=0.138950,系数为: [-2.90423989 -3.49931368  0.91803171]
Ridge回归:3阶,alpha=0.068665,系数为: [-3.47165245 -2.85078293  0.69245987  0.02314415]
Ridge回归:4阶,alpha=0.222300,系数为: [-2.84560266 -1.99887417 -0.40628792  0.33863868 -0.02674442]
Ridge回归:5阶,alpha=1.151395,系数为: [-1.68160373 -1.52726943 -0.8382036   0.2329258   0.03934251 -0.00663323]
Ridge回归:6阶,alpha=0.001000,系数为: [ 0.53724068 -6.00552086 -3.75961826  5.64559118 -2.21569695  0.36872911 -0.0222134 ]
Ridge回归:7阶,alpha=0.033932,系数为: [-2.38021238 -2.26383055 -1.47715232  0.00763115  1.12242917 -0.52769633  0.09199202 -0.00560197]
Ridge回归:8阶,alpha=0.138950,系数为: [-2.19287493 -1.9189901  -1.21620537 -0.19324078  0.49303633  0.05458084 -0.09693178  0.02114898 -0.00140213]
LASSO:1阶,alpha=0.175751,系数为: [-10.77156998   2.7439868 ]
LASSO:2阶,alpha=0.001000,系数为: [-3.29932625 -3.31989869  0.89878903]
LASSO:3阶,alpha=0.021210,系数为: [-4.7961774  -1.4641442   0.27751645  0.06064991]
LASSO:4阶,alpha=0.026827,系数为: [-4.80161479 -1.48746734  0.29643034  0.05838007 -0.0000783 ]
LASSO:5阶,alpha=0.449843,系数为: [-0.         -3.48456685 -0.          0.18939592  0.00573927 -0.00234922]
LASSO:6阶,alpha=0.001000,系数为: [-4.53546398 -1.70335188  0.29896515  0.05237738  0.00489432  0.00007551 -0.00010944]
LASSO:7阶,alpha=0.004095,系数为: [-4.45986956 -1.6062364   0.22968675  0.05092706  0.00593169  0.00043962 -0.00002739 -0.00002142]
LASSO:8阶,alpha=0.008286,系数为: [-4.50222791 -1.42298846  0.15849996  0.0476696   0.00628362  0.00067038  0.00003278 -0.00000896 -0.00000386]
ElasticNet:1阶,alpha=0.021210,l1_ratio=0.100000,系数为: [-10.74762959   2.74580662]
ElasticNet:2阶,alpha=0.042919,l1_ratio=0.100000,系数为: [-2.6843532  -3.51577212  0.91244926]
ElasticNet:3阶,alpha=0.005179,l1_ratio=0.100000,系数为: [-4.30026078 -1.98209666  0.42999316  0.04710447]
ElasticNet:4阶,alpha=0.054287,l1_ratio=0.100000,系数为: [-2.63969126 -2.8400611   0.43377604  0.09099957 -0.00474193]
ElasticNet:5阶,alpha=0.568987,l1_ratio=0.100000,系数为: [-0.96437374 -1.29713401 -0.91814848  0.29096106  0.01038465 -0.00323145]
ElasticNet:6阶,alpha=0.001000,l1_ratio=1.000000,系数为: [-4.53546398 -1.70335188  0.29896515  0.05237738  0.00489432  0.00007551 -0.00010944]
ElasticNet:7阶,alpha=0.004095,l1_ratio=1.000000,系数为: [-4.45986956 -1.6062364   0.22968675  0.05092706  0.00593169  0.00043962 -0.00002739 -0.00002142]
ElasticNet:8阶,alpha=0.008286,l1_ratio=1.000000,系数为: [-4.50222791 -1.42298846  0.15849996  0.0476696   0.00628362  0.00067038  0.00003278 -0.00000896 -0.00000386]

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