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高级光照
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这个技术叫做点光阴影，过去的名字是万向阴影贴图（omnidirectional shadow maps）技术。
算法和定向阴影映射差不多：我们从光的透视图生成一个深度贴图，基于当前fragment位置来对深度贴图采样，然后用储存的深度值和每个fragment进行对比，看看它是否在阴影中。定向阴影映射和万向阴影映射的主要不同在于深度贴图的使用上。
对于深度贴图，我们需要从一个点光源的所有渲染场景，普通2D深度贴图不能工作；如果我们使用立方体贴图会怎样？因为立方体贴图可以储存6个面的环境数据，它可以将整个场景渲染到立方体贴图的每个面上，把它们当作点光源四周的深度值来采样。
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因为6个面所以要6个view
创建深度贴图
- 创造深度贴图：注意6个面要6个深度贴图
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader shader("3.2.1.point_shadows.vert", "3.2.1.point_shadows.frag");//输出场景到屏幕
Shader simpleDepthShader("3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.vert", "3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.frag", "3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.glsl");//生成深度贴图纹理；其实顺序有一些问题，应该是顶点-》几何-》片段
......
// configure depth map FBO
// -----------------------
const unsigned int SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;
unsigned int depthMapFBO;
glGenFramebuffers(1, &depthMapFBO);
// 生成深度立方体贴图
unsigned int depthCubemap;
glGenTextures(1, &depthCubemap);
//生成立方体贴图的每个面（6次），将它们作为2D深度值纹理图像：
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
//设置合适的纹理参数
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
// attach depth texture as FBO's depth buffer
//由于我们将使用一个几何着色器，它允许我们把所有面在一个过程渲染，我们可以使用glFramebufferTexture直接把立方体贴图附加成帧缓冲的深度附件
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthCubemap, 0);
glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
光空间的变换
- 透视投影
GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)SHADOW_WIDTH/(GLfloat)SHADOW_HEIGHT;
GLfloat near = 1.0f;
GLfloat far = 25.0f;
//这里glm::perspective的视野参数，设置为90度。
//90度我们才能保证视野足够大到可以合适地填满立方体贴图的一个面，立方体贴图的所有面都能与其他面在边缘对齐。
glm::mat4 shadowProj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(90.0f), aspect, near, far);
- 因为投影矩阵在每个方向上并不会改变，我们可以在6个变换矩阵中重复使用。我们要为每个方向提供一个不同的视图矩阵。用glm::lookAt创建6个观察方向，每个都按顺序注视着立方体贴图的的一个方向：右、左、上、下、近、远：
std::vector<glm::mat4> shadowTransforms;
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(1.0,0.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(-1.0,0.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,1.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,1.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,-1.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,1.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,-1.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
- 渲染
// 1. 将场景渲染到立方体贴图上
// --------------------------------
glViewport(0, 0, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);//绑定帧缓冲
glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
simpleDepthShader.use();
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
simpleDepthShader.setMat4("shadowMatrices[" + std::to_string(i) + "]", shadowTransforms[i]);
simpleDepthShader.setFloat("far_plane", far_plane);
simpleDepthShader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
renderScene(simpleDepthShader);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// 2. render scene as normal
// -------------------------
glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
shader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
shader.setMat4("view", view);
// set lighting uniforms
shader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
shader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
shader.setInt("shadows", shadows); // enable/disable shadows by pressing 'SPACE'
shader.setFloat("far_plane", far_plane);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, woodTexture);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
renderScene(shader);
- 注意渲染函数与之前的区别：放大5倍，因为渲染房间是在里边所以需要关闭面剔除（不然就是空的），然后再打开它
void renderScene(const Shader& shader)
{
// 房间立方体
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(5.0f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); // note that we disable culling here since we render 'inside' the cube instead of the usual 'outside' which throws off the normal culling methods.
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 1); // A small little hack to invert normals when drawing cube from the inside so lighting still works.
renderCube();
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 0); // and of course disable it
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// 5个立方体
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(4.0f, -3.5f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-3.0f, -1.0f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 1.0f, 1.5));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 2.0f, -3.0));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
- 深度贴图顶点着色器
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
uniform mat4 model;
void main()
{
gl_Position = model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);//之前生成transform matrices的时候乘的就是projection和view没有乘model
}
- 深度贴图几何着色器
#version 330 core
layout (triangles) in;//得到3个点
layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices=18) out;//输出18个点
uniform mat4 shadowMatrices[6];
out vec4 FragPos; // FragPos from GS (output per emitvertex)
void main()
{
for(int face = 0; face < 6; ++face)
{
gl_Layer = face; // 用几何着色器中自带变量，每一次输出到哪一个纹理11对应
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) // 每一个三角形的三个点
{
FragPos = gl_in[i].gl_Position;//乘以model之后的FragPos
gl_Position = shadowMatrices[face] * FragPos;//作为片段着色器进行计算
EmitVertex();//输出顶点
}
EndPrimitive();
}
}
- 深度贴图片段着色器
#version 330 core
in vec4 FragPos;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform float far_plane;
void main()
{
float lightDistance = length(FragPos.xyz - lightPos);//计算距离
// 得到0-1之间的值作为深度值
lightDistance = lightDistance / far_plane;
// 给深度附件赋值
gl_FragDepth = lightDistance;
}
- 场景渲染的片段着色器
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in VS_OUT {
vec3 FragPos;
vec3 Normal;
vec2 TexCoords;
} fs_in;
uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
uniform samplerCube depthMap;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform float far_plane;
uniform bool shadows;
float ShadowCalculation(vec3 fragPos)
{
// get vector between fragment position and light position
vec3 fragToLight = fragPos - lightPos;
// ise the fragment to light vector to sample from the depth map
float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight).r;
// it is currently in linear range between [0,1], let's re-transform it back to original depth value
closestDepth *= far_plane;
// now get current linear depth as the length between the fragment and light position
float currentDepth = length(fragToLight);
// test for shadows
float bias = 0.05; // we use a much larger bias since depth is now in [near_plane, far_plane] range
float shadow = currentDepth - bias > closestDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0;
// display closestDepth as debug (to visualize depth cubemap)
//FragColor = vec4(vec3(closestDepth / far_plane), 1.0);
return shadow;
}
void main()
{
vec3 color = texture(diffuseTexture, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 normal = normalize(fs_in.Normal);
vec3 lightColor = vec3(0.3);
// ambient
vec3 ambient = 0.3 * color;
// diffuse
vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fs_in.FragPos);
float diff = max(dot(lightDir, normal), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
// specular
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - fs_in.FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = 0.0;
vec3 halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir + viewDir);
spec = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 64.0);
vec3 specular = spec * lightColor;
// calculate shadow
float shadow = shadows ? ShadowCalculation(fs_in.FragPos) : 0.0;
vec3 lighting = (ambient + (1.0 - shadow) * (diffuse + specular)) * color;
FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0);
}
- 如果做出将片段着色器中的： FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0);删除而保留阴影计算函数中的FragColor = vec4(vec3(closestDepth / far_plane), 1.0);效果就是深度渲染
PCF
简单的PCF过滤器(加值求平均)，并加入第三个维度，现在阴影看起来更加柔和平滑了，由此得到更加真实的效果
float shadow = 0.0;
float bias = 0.05;
float samples = 4.0;
float offset = 0.1;
for(float x = -offset; x < offset; x += offset / (samples * 0.5))
{
for(float y = -offset; y < offset; y += offset / (samples * 0.5))
{
for(float z = -offset; z < offset; z += offset / (samples * 0.5))
{
float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight + vec3(x, y, z)).r;
closestDepth *= far_plane; // Undo mapping [0;1]
if(currentDepth - bias > closestDepth)
shadow += 1.0;
}
}
}
shadow /= (samples * samples * samples);
然而，samples设置为4.0，每个fragment我们会得到总共64个样本，这太多了！
大多数这些采样都是多余的，与其在原始方向向量附近处采样，不如在采样方向向量的垂直方向进行采样更有意义。可是，没有（简单的）方式能够指出哪一个子方向是多余的，这就难了。有个技巧可以使用，用一个偏移量方向数组，它们差不多都是分开的，每一个指向完全不同的方向，剔除彼此接近的那些子方向。下面就是一个有着20个偏移方向的数组，不光是0或者1有一些柔和的现象：
vec3 sampleOffsetDirections[20] = vec3[]
(
vec3( 1, 1, 1), vec3( 1, -1, 1), vec3(-1, -1, 1), vec3(-1, 1, 1),
vec3( 1, 1, -1), vec3( 1, -1, -1), vec3(-1, -1, -1), vec3(-1, 1, -1),
vec3( 1, 1, 0), vec3( 1, -1, 0), vec3(-1, -1, 0), vec3(-1, 1, 0),
vec3( 1, 0, 1), vec3(-1, 0, 1), vec3( 1, 0, -1), vec3(-1, 0, -1),
vec3( 0, 1, 1), vec3( 0, -1, 1), vec3( 0, -1, -1), vec3( 0, 1, -1)
);
//然后我们把PCF算法与从sampleOffsetDirections得到的样本数量进行适配，
//使用它们从立方体贴图里采样。这么做的好处是与之前的PCF算法相比，我们需要的样本数量变少了。
float shadow = 0.0;
float bias = 0.15;
int samples = 20;
float viewDistance = length(viewPos - fragPos);
float diskRadius = (1.0 + (viewDistance / far_plane)) / 25.0;
for(int i = 0; i < samples; ++i)
{
float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight + sampleOffsetDirections[i] * diskRadius).r;
closestDepth *= far_plane; // Undo mapping [0;1]
if(currentDepth - bias > closestDepth)
shadow += 1.0;
}
shadow /= float(samples);
添加到每个样本的bias（偏移）高度依赖于上下文，总是要根据场景进行微调的。试试这些值，看看怎样影响了场景。 这里是最终版本的顶点和像素着色器。
我还要提醒一下使用几何着色器来生成深度贴图不会一定比每个面渲染场景6次更快。使用几何着色器有它自己的性能局限，在第一个阶段使用它可能获得更好的性能表现。这取决于环境的类型，以及特定的显卡驱动等等，所以如果你很关心性能，就要确保对两种方法有大致了解，然后选择对你场景来说更高效的那个。我个人还是喜欢使用几何着色器来进行阴影映射，原因很简单，因为它们使用起来更简单。
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