在推导随机 Wishart 矩阵的特征值时,会用到如下的积分结果
- 如果 Wishart 矩阵是由
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∫ V m , n H 1 ′ d H 1 = 2 m π m n / 2 Γ m ( 1 2 n ) \begin {aligned} \int_{{\rm {\bf V_{m,n}}} } {{\rm {\bf H_1'dH_1}}} = \frac{2^m\pi ^{mn / 2}}{\Gamma _m (\frac{1}{2}n)} \end{aligned} ∫Vm,nH1′dH1=Γm(21n)2mπmn/2
这里 H 1 H_1 H1 是 n × m n\times m n×m 的列正交矩阵, Γ m ( x ) \Gamma_m(x) Γm(x) 是一般化的伽玛函数
Γ m ( n 2 ) = π m ( m − 1 ) / 4 ∏ i = 1 m Γ [ n − i + 1 2 ] \begin {aligned} \Gamma_m(\frac{n}{2})=\pi^{m(m-1)/4} \prod_{i=1}^m\Gamma \left [\frac{n-i+1}{2}\right ] \end{aligned} Γm(2n)=πm(m−1)/4i=1∏mΓ[2n−i+1] - 如果 Wishart 矩阵是由
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A=XHX, 则使用酉正交阵积分的结果:
∫ V m , n H 1 H d H 1 = 2 m π m n Γ ~ m ( n ) \begin {aligned} \int_{{\rm {\bf V_{m,n}}} } {{\rm {\bf H_1^HdH_1}}} = \frac{2^m\pi ^{mn}}{\widetilde{\Gamma}_m (n)} \end{aligned} ∫Vm,nH1HdH1=Γ m(n)2mπmn
这里 H 1 H_1 H1 是 n × m n\times m n×m 的列酉正交矩阵, Γ ~ m ( x ) \widetilde{\Gamma}_m(x) Γ m(x) 是复数形式的一般化伽玛函数
Γ ~ m ( n ) = π m ( m − 1 ) / 2 ∏ i = 1 m Γ [ n − i + 1 ] \begin {aligned} \widetilde{\Gamma}_m(n)=\pi^{m(m-1)/2} \prod_{i=1}^m\Gamma \left [{n-i+1}\right ] \end{aligned} Γ m(n)=πm(m−1)/2i=1∏mΓ[n−i+1]
对于实 Wishart 矩阵 A A A, 存在正交矩阵 H H H 和对角阵 L L L,
A = H L H ′ ⇒ d A = d H L H ′ + H d L H ′ + H L d H ′ A=HLH'\Rightarrow dA=dHLH'+HdLH'+HLdH' A=HLH′⇒dA=dHLH′+HdLH′+HLdH′
考虑到
H ′ H = I ⇒ d H ′ H = − H ′ d H \begin{aligned} H'H=I\Rightarrow dH'H=-H'dH \end{aligned} H′H=I⇒dH′H=−H′dH
H ′ d A H = H ′ d H L + d L + L d H ′ H = H ′ d H L − L H ′ d H + d L H'dAH=H'dHL+dL+LdH'H=H'dHL-LH'dH+dL H′dAH=H′dHL+dL+LdH′H=H′dHL−LH′dH+dL
因为 ( d A ) = ( H ′ d A H ) (dA)=(H'dAH) (dA)=(H′dAH), 所以 ( d A ) = ( H ′ d H L − L H ′ d H + d L ) (dA)=(H'dHL-LH'dH+dL) (dA)=(H′dHL−LH′dH+dL)
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\begin{aligned} &H' dHL-LH' dH\\&=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & * & \cdots & *& *\\ h_2'dh_1(l_{1}-l_{2}) & 0 & \cdots & *& *\\ h_3'dh_1(l_{1}-l_{3}) & h_3'dh_2(l_{2}-l_{3})+* & \cdots & *& *\\ \vdots & \vdots & &\vdots\\ h_m'dh_1(l_{1}-l_{m}) & h_m'dh_2(l_{2}-l_{m})+* & &h_m'dh_{m-1}(l_{m-1}-l_m)+*& 0 \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}
H′dHL−LH′dH=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡0h2′dh1(l1−l2)h3′dh1(l1−l3)⋮hm′dh1(l1−lm)∗0h3′dh2(l2−l3)+∗⋮hm′dh2(l2−lm)+∗⋯⋯⋯∗∗∗⋮hm′dhm−1(lm−1−lm)+∗∗∗∗0⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤
这里的 * 是在对角线下出现过的元素,根据积分变量的运算规则,这些元素对
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\begin{aligned}(dA)=\bigwedge_{i<j} h_j'dh_i\prod_{i<j}(l_i-l_j)\bigwedge_{i=1}^mdl_i=(H'dH)\prod_{i<j}(l_i-l_j)(dL) \end{aligned}
(dA)=i<j⋀hj′dhii<j∏(li−lj)i=1⋀mdli=(H′dH)i<j∏(li−lj)(dL)
对于复 Wishart 矩阵
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hjHdhi,j>i 的实部和虚部均贡献一次
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\begin{aligned} (dA)=\bigwedge_{i<j} h_j^Hdh_i\prod_{i<j}(l_i-l_j)^2\bigwedge_{i=1}^mdl_i=(H^HdH)\prod_{i<j}(l_i-l_j)^2(dL) \end{aligned}
(dA)=i<j⋀hjHdhii<j∏(li−lj)2i=1⋀mdli=(HHdH)i<j∏(li−lj)2(dL)